Vernacular Languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-101
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The Military ◽  
Cultural Features

Chapter 4, “Vernacular Languages,” offers the second of two case studies in the ethnicization of cultural features of the Wuren. Using the results of modern linguistic studies, the chapter shows that the vernacular spoken languages of the Jiankang Empire have a substantial, perhaps predominant, non-Sinitic basis, most importantly in the Austro-Asiatic family (along with Mon and Khmer, among others). These languages were recognized as decisively foreign by people of the Central Plains. Within the empire, the polyglot linguistic situation in the fifth and sixth centuries was addressed by the use of one of two common spoken tongues, either Jiankang Elite vernacular (the most Sinitic language within the empire) for the educated class, or, to a much lesser but still significant extent, Chu vernacular among the military.

Agriculture and Foodways

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
Cultural Features

Chapter 3, “Agriculture and Foodways,” undertakes the first of two case studies in the ethnicization of particular cultural features of the Wuren by the peoples of the Central Plains of the Yellow River. It contrasts the millet-, wheat-, meat-, and milk-based foodways and agricultural systems of the Zhongren and Sarbi of the Central Plains with the rice-, fish-, and tea-based foodways of the Wuren and Churen of the Huai and Yangzi valleys and regions further south. By the fifth and sixth centuries the Central Plains discourse had ethnicized these differences, seeing them as both physiologically inherent and politically salient. Migration of some Central Plains people (Zhongren) into the south did not appreciably change this discourse.

The pattern of archaeological cultures in northern China during the Eastern Zhou Period to the Qin Dynasty – also on the interactions among the Rong, Di and Hu ethnic groups and the Central Plains

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-188
Author(s):  
Yueying Shan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The North ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
Cultural Features

Abstract Through the systematic trimming and analysis to the remains of the archaeological cultures of the Eastern Zhou Period through the Qin Dynasty in northern China, this paper puts forward that during this period, there were two cultural zones (the north and south cultural “belts”) with clearly different cultural features and connotations and peoples bearing clearly different physical characteristics in northern China, and discussed the regional differences of the remains of the archaeological cultures in each cultural belt and their developments and changes. The cultures in the south cultural belt could not be regarded as a part of the early Iron Age cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, but a kind of culture peculiar to the transitional zone between the cultures in the Eurasian Steppes and that in the Central Plains; the development and evolution of the north cultural belt, which emerged in the mid to the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, can be divided into three clear phases: the first phase was a part of the early Iron Age cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, but since the second phase, the cultural features and connotations of this belt began to stray out of the cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, which would be closely related to the military conquering and political management of the Central Plains polities and the powerful northward advance of the cultures of the Central Plains. Referring to the relevant historic literature, this paper made further observations to the interactions among the polities of the Central Plains and the peoples in these two cultural belts and the changes of the cultural patterns in each of the two cultural belts, and revealed the processes of the Sinicization of the Rong, Di and Hu ethnic groups in northern China. This paper pointed out that the Hu ethnic group lived in northern China since the mid Spring-and-Autumn Period, and the later appearance of the Hu people in the historic literatures was related to the northward advances of the territories of polities of the Central Plains rather than the southward invasion of the nomadic tribes living in the present-day Mongolian Plateau.

Coping with Unrest in the Periphery of China: Comparative Case Studies of Thailand, Myanmar and HKSAR

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
Jason Chiam Chiah Sern ◽  
Tai Wei Lim
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Political Freedoms ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
The Military

This paper examines the case studies of three East Asian entities (Thailand, Myanmar and Hong Kong) battling both the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic as well as socio-political unrest simultaneously. While Thailand/Myanmar and Hong Kong are different in geographical/demographic sizes and the former two are sovereign states while the latter is a Special Administrative Region (SAR), they have similar challenges in experiencing cosmopolitan pro-democracy movements (made up of young activists) pitted against the governments determined to maintain control in what political scientists may characterize as illiberal political systems. While Thailand and Myanmar may be much larger in terms of geographical/demographic sizes, much of the recent political activism occurred in the capital city of Bangkok (a city of about 8 million people) and Yangon (also having about 7 million in population and being the former capital of Myanmar before the military elites had moved the capital to Naypyidaw in anticipation of political unrests). In the case of Myanmar, the demonstration and protests have effectively spread nationwide. Both cities are similar in size to Hong Kong that is with approximately 7 million inhabitants. Both Bangkok and Hong Kong are also cosmopolitan cities with high exposure to global commerce, ideas and tourism while Yangon is a fast-developing urban commercial capital city. In terms of ideologies and political systems, both Bangkok and Hong Kong have nominal liberal democratic systems that have limits imposed on political freedoms while Myanmar was liberalizing and democratizing before the military coup on February 1, 2020. These similarities make them suitable candidates for comparative studies, including analyzing their differences in managing the political challenges.

Military Applications of Adaptive Training Technology

2008 ◽  
pp. 304-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Interactive Multimedia ◽  
Intelligent Tutoring ◽  
Technology Enhanced Learning ◽  
Multimedia Instruction ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Adaptive Training ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
The Military ◽  
Enhanced Learning

This chapter provides an overview of the use of adaptive training technology within the military domain. Throughout the chapter, we will discuss the use of intelligent tutoring, adaptive interactive multimedia instruction, and their combination to form closed-loop adaptive training. Frequently, the discussion of a particular approach will be illustrated with one or more case-studies. Moreover, we will explore impediments to widespread adoption of these interventions throughout the military, methods to overcome these impediments, and the migration of this technology into other domains. We will conclude by summarizing trends that are likely to characterize on-going development. Rather than providing a comprehensive review of technology-enhanced learning in the military, which is likely to be outdated before it is published, the author hopes that this illustrative review will open new avenues of thought for researchers, developers, and purchasers of these systems.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Whittier
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Personal Narratives ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Single Issue ◽  
Government Surveillance ◽  
The Military

Chapter 5, the book’s conclusion, draws comparative theoretical lessons from all three cases. It discusses six features of relationships between frenemies: risks to participants’ reputation; reliance on hybrid or compromise frames or goals; focus on single-issue or specific goals; the importance of emotional and personal narratives; lack of more extensive collaboration or institutionalization of the relationships; and outcomes that depend on the relative power of participants. The chapter discusses implications for ongoing policy regarding sex offenders, sex trafficking, and government surveillance. The paths of activism around the case studies have influenced recent issues of sexual assault, including in the military, in colleges and universities. Feminists have influenced these developments, but not alone. Frenemies, including both feminists and conservatives, continue to be engaged in these issues and to shape their paths.

scholarly journals Landscape Ways Of Intervention Used In Reconversion Of Disused Old Defense Structures / INTERVENCIJOS Į KRAŠTOVAIZDĮ BŪDŲ NAUDOJIMAS SENOMS NEBENAUDOJAMOMS GYNYBOS STRUKTŪROMS PERTVARKYTI

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Rusu Sorina-Georgiana
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
National Security ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
Technology Strategies ◽  
The Military ◽  
Transformation Processes

Because of the current world mutations, national security provides large complexity and requires new designing solutions for: security challenges, military technology, strategies and tactics, merging of structures, methods, techniques and technologies concerning security challenges, need for responding to social constraints (democratic rights, law of war), and attempts to surpass the opponent / enemy / partner, etc. So, in order to reconvert abandoned military areas, which were previously restricted (restricted areas) but currently passing transformation processes, we must consider the intervention both within and outside of a well-defined system. Therefore, we have to work inside and outside of the military system, as well as on the boundaries of hard-shaped structures. Camouflage is not only instructive for military practitioners’ intent on developing their skills, but also is interesting and entertaining means for much wider audience. Two case studies used as examples reveal the possibility that camouflage pattern concept may offer the effects that prove the chance of using camouflage as a scientific, designing and planning landscape tool. Results of the case studies indicate the importance and possibility of intervention integrated into the landscape by combining military means and elements of urban planning, and regulation specific to these types of functions. Santrauka Dėl pasaulyje vykstančių pokyčių rūpinimasis valstybės apsauga yra sudėtingas ir reikalauja naujų sprendimų ieškojimo, susijusių su saugumo iššūkiais, karinėmis technologijomis, strategijomis ir taktikomis, sujungiant struktūras, metodus, technikas ir technologijas, siejamas su saugumo problemomis, dėl būtinybės reaguoti į socialinius suvaržymus (demokratinės teisės, karo teisė), bandant pranokti priešininkus / partnerius ir t. t. Taigi, siekiant konvertuoti apleistas karines teritorijas, į kurias anksčiau patekti buvo draudžiama (draudžiamos teritorijos), vykstant kaitos procesams, reikia apsvarstyti intervenciją tiek gerai apibrėžtos sistemos viduje, tiek už jos ribų. Todėl karinės sistemos viduje ir už jos ribų reikia dirbti kaip griežtose struktūrose. Maskuotė naudojama ne tik karinių specialistų siekiui lavinti įgūdžius, bet ir kaip įdomi priemonė, skirta kur kas platesnei auditorijai. Dviejų atvejų tyrimai kaip pavyzdžiai atskleidžia galimybę, kad maskuotės modelio koncepcija gali išgauti poveikį, kuris įrodytų, jog maskuotę galima naudoti kaip mokslinį įrankį kraštovaizdžiui projektuoti ir planuoti. Šio atvejo tyrimų rezultatai rodo integruotos į kraštovaizdį intervencijos svarbą ir galimybę derinti karines priemones, miestų planavimo elementus ir specifinį reguliavimą šio tipo funkcijoms.

scholarly journals Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies

2018 ◽  
Vol 681 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer McCoy ◽  
Murat Somer
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Political Entrepreneurs ◽  
The Military ◽  
Eleven Case ◽  
Relative Capacity

This article compares the dynamics of polarization in the eleven case studies analyzed in this special issue to draw conclusions about antecedents of severe political and societal polarization, the characteristics and mechanisms of such polarization, and consequences of severe polarization for democracy. We find that the emergence of pernicious polarization (when a society is split into mutually distrustful “Us vs. Them” camps) is not attributable to any specific underlying social or political cleavage nor any particular institutional make-up. Instead, pernicious polarization arises when political entrepreneurs pursue their political objectives by using polarizing strategies, such as mobilizing voters with divisive, demonizing discourse and exploiting existing grievances, and opposing political elites then reciprocate with similarly polarizing tactics or fail to develop effective nonpolarizing responses. We explain how the political construction of polarization around “formative rifts” (social or political rifts that arise during the fundamental formation/reformation of a nation-state), the relative capacity of opposing political blocs to mobilize voters versus relying on mechanisms such as courts or the military to constrain the executive, and the strategic and ideological aims of the polarizing actors contribute to the emergence of its pernicious form. We analyze the consequences for democracy and conclude with reflections on how to combat pernicious polarization.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 206-208
Author(s):  
Andrew Chittick
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Core Region ◽  
The Political ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The Core ◽  
The People ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
The Military

Section 2 has demonstrated that the political culture of the Jiankang Empire was sharply different from that of the Central Plains, which was the core region of all other large medieval East Asian empires. Jiankang’s political culture can be seen as a distinctive expression of the proto-ethnic identity of the people who dominated the empire, mostly Churen and Wuren. Elite Zhongren migrants from the Central Plains dominated the court only during a part of the fourth century, and their influence waned from then straight through to the end of the sixth century. Instead, the locally rooted garrison culture of the military and the merchant class was the primary driver and innovator in both politics and the economy....

Shaping Europe's First Dance Craze – The Role of Napoleon's Grande Armée in the Dissemination of the Quadrille (1795–1815): Case Studies in Cultural Mobility from the Southern Netherlands

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-111
Author(s):  
Cornelis Vanistendael
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Southern Netherlands ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Cultural Mobility ◽  
The Military

The first decade-and-a-half of the nineteenth century witnessed the unusually-speedy dissemination of a new dance, the quadrille, over a vast territory. The traditional channels of dissemination cannot account for this astonishing process. The circumstances of the Napoleonic wars disrupted the functioning of institutions, publishing and networks of patronage. This article proposes an alternative explanation for the rapid rise of the quadrille. It explores aspects of the military culture of Napoleon's army to account for the veritable dance ‘craze’ associated with the quadrille. During winter campaigns, French forces organized dance lessons on a massive scale. They encouraged peer-to-peer tutoring. Moreover, the organisation of Napoleon's army allowed the formation of networks that were unaffected by the social constraints acting on appropriation processes in civil society. The process is a fine demonstration of the concept of cultural mobility. Although the question of the dissemination of the waltz is of equal importance during the era under study, it will not be addressed here. The origins of the waltz lie in a more distant past and concern a different cultural sphere. The case of the quadrille is a broad European phenomenon. To get a hold on it, this article focuses on case studies from the Southern Netherlands and the principality of Liège, a territory which approximates to contemporary Belgium

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