The Right Concerning Sacred Matters
This chapter studies how Spinoza’s theory of doctrines comes together in an integrated theological-political model of church–state relations. Chapter XIX of the Tractatus Theologico-politicus proposes a theory of ius circa sacra along broadly Erastian lines. In the Tractatus politicus, Spinoza prolongs this theory with an argument in favor of establishing a national religion. These texts raise questions regarding the coherence of Spinoza’s overall model, especially about how to reconcile his defense of religious freedom with the establishment of a state-controlled national religion. Comparing Spinoza’s position with those of Hobbes and Antistius Constans, the chapter attempts to resolve these tensions by showing how the national religion is conceived as a general framework for safeguarding the definition of true religion, while still allowing for a plurality of forms of worship to exist within that framework. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the religious uniformity imposed by Moses in the Hebrew Republic.