Designs

Author(s):  
Vijaya Nagarajan

This chapter focuses on types of kōlam designs. The basic categories are katta (squares) and pulli (dots). The highly ritualized forms are the navagraha (nine heavenly bodies, including the five planets) and yantras. The symbolic meanings of geometric, figurative, and landscape kōlams, whether they are itheegam (traditional) and nagareegam (modern), are discussed. Kōlam-making tools are explained, such as the traditional personal notebooks and printed pamphlets and more modern stencils and plastic stick-on decals. A discussion of an 1884 kōlam chapbook and other chapbooks from the 20th century gives a historical perspective. The 20th-century Indian choreographer Chandralekha gave kōlam designs a central position in her work.

2004 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov ◽  
S. Dzarasov

The paper written in the light of 125th birth anniversary of L. Trotsky analyzes the life and ideas of one of the most prominent figures in the Russian history of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution in its Bolshevik period, worked with V. Lenin and played a significant role in the Civil War. Rejected by the party bureaucracy L. Trotsky led uncompromising struggle against Stalinism, defending his own understanding of the revolutionary ideals. The authors try to explain these events in historical perspective, avoiding biases of both Stalinism and anticommunism.


2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 329-356
Author(s):  
Adam Mazurkiewicz

On the possible analysis of the entertainment supersystem from the perspective of employing selected achievements of linguistics: A methodological approachCurrently linguistics treats the subject of its study not so much as a tool for social communication, but as an integral element of culture. At the same time, culture is perceived as a system of symbolic meanings. However, the same position is occupied by “entertainment supersystems” whose role is transmedia storytelling. From the perspective of semiotics they are — just as the language system — a sign. Thus, perhaps employing the descriptive instrumentarium of language mechanisms, due to its peculiar character, will allow for a more adequate consideration of cultural phenomena in this case the entertainment supersystem than applying this methodology outside humanities. What is more, a transfer of focus from an ontological perspective seeking to answer the question of what an entertainment supersystem is or is not to an epistemological one an attempt to understand how it functions in society, that is, “how it is used” seems to be compliant with the transition from linguistic structuralism to the post-structuralistic paradigm. At the same time, considering methodological implications which derive from the analysis of mechanisms regulating the functioning of entertainment supersystems by means typical for the linguistics instrumentarium, one can easily reach the conviction that text as an object of study has been reinstated in its central position.


2020 ◽  
pp. 009182962097238
Author(s):  
Robert A Danielson ◽  
Benjamin L Hartley ◽  
James R Krabill

COVID-19 is affecting Christian mission in many different ways. Doubtless it is inspiring some people to initiate new mission efforts, while in other contexts it is causing thriving mission to change radically or cease altogether. In this forum article, three missiologists write essays about how mission was affected during the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, the event most frequently compared to COVID-19 for its similarly worldwide scope. James Krabill’s essay describes how the earlier influenza pandemic led to renewed spiritual vigor in Nigeria and the establishment of several new denominations in West Africa, which remain influential today. Robert Danielson’s essay examines how a ministry to sailors in the early 20th century, known as the Floating Christian Endeavor, was negatively impacted by the influenza pandemic. This article concludes with Benjamin Hartley’s story of how the life of John R Mott, perhaps the most famous world Christian statesman in 1918, was also affected by the influenza’s scourge. These historical essays provide both inspiration and consolation for contemporary mission initiatives as missiologists and other Christian leaders seek to respond to the crises of their own day.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blond ◽  
Léveillard

The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye and nervous tissue that have been used extensively to characterize the function of the central nervous system. The retina has a central position both in fundamental biology and in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases. We address the contribution of functional genomics to the understanding of retinal biology by reviewing key events in their historical perspective as an introduction to major findings that were obtained through the study of the retina using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. We illustrate our purpose by showing that most of the genes of interest for retinal development and those involved in inherited retinal degenerations have a restricted expression to the retina and most particularly to photoreceptors cells. We show that the exponential growth of data generated by functional genomics is a future challenge not only in terms of storage but also in terms of accessibility to the scientific community of retinal biologists in the future. Finally, we emphasize on novel perspectives that emerge from the development of redox-proteomics, the new frontier in retinal biology.


2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. E10
Author(s):  
Mariam Ishaque ◽  
David J. Wallace ◽  
Ramesh Grandhi

Throughout history, neurosurgical procedures have been fundamental in advancing neuroscience; however, this has not always been without deleterious side effects or harmful consequences. While critical to the progression of clinical neuroscience during the early 20th century, yet, at the same time, poorly tolerated by patients, pneumoencephalography is one such procedure that exemplifies this juxtaposition. Presented herein are historical perspectives and reflections on the role of the pneumoencephalography in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric illnesses.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-260
Author(s):  
Fernando Teixeira Luiz

Revela-se, nas últimas décadas do século XX, a incidência de séries animadas protagonizadas por heróis primordiais, afinados à mitologia pagã e às Novelas de Cavalaria. Nessa direção, o presente estudo ocupa-se em rastrear, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, descritiva e historicista, as propostas veiculadas pelo cinema gráfico entre 1980 e 2000 e suas articulações com a literatura, o cinema e os quadrinhos. Não está em cogitação, assim, a análise minuciosa de uma obra, mas o delineamento de um panorama histórico que permita visualizar as perspectivas de representação de heróis tradicionais ao longo de vinte anos. Para tanto, recorre-se à crítica especializada, às teorias da narrativa e aos estudos sobre desenho animado e indústria cultural. Em linhas gerais, a pesquisa apontou para um quadro curioso, se comparado às décadas anteriores, marcado, predominantemente, pelo hibridismo. Assim, diversos estúdios lançavam mão de uma teia de signos típicos de circuitos específicos, como o universo da mitologia, o substrato medieval, a literatura arturiana, a fantasia futurista, o faroeste norte-americano e as fontes lendárias dos samurais. Palavras-chave: Desenho animado. Literatura. Estética. Leitor. Herói. THE CONSTRUCTION OF HEROES IN CARTOONS: THE PERIOD OF HYBRID NARRATIVES (1980 – 2000) Abstract: The last decades of the 20th century saw the incidence of animated series featuring primordial heroes, attuned to pagan mythology and to chivalric romance. From a critical, descriptive and historical perspective, this paper aims to track the initiatives conveyed in animated movies between 1980 and 2000 and their correlation with literature, cinema and comic books. The paper offers a historical outline, which provides an overview of perspectives that traditional heroes were represented within a twenty-year time span. In order to do so, it relies on specialized criticism, narrative theory, and on studies about animation and cultural industry. Overall, it points towards an interesting scenario if compared to earlier decades, which were mostly marked by the presence of hybridity. Thus, diverse studios employed a network of signs from specific contexts, such as mythology, medievalism, Arthurian literature, science fiction, American western, and Japanese samurai epics. Keywords: Animated Cartoon. Literature. Aesthetics. Reader. Hero.


Al-Qalam ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Asliah Zainal

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri akar-akar demokratisasi dalam kerajaam Muna di masa lampau yang dibatasi pada kurun abad ke-16 sampai dengan abad ke-20 M. Dengan perspektif antropologi-historis, studi ini memotret implikasi nilai-nilai demokratisasi di kerajaan Muna pada sistem pemerintahan dan sistem kemasyarakatan yang dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh nilai-nilai Islam. Nilai-nilai demokratisasi dalam tata kelola pemerintahan dapat ditelusuri pada perangkat-perangkat kerajaan di Muna dibentuk sebagai alat legitimasi sekaligus kontrol bagi sistem pemerintahan, seorang raja tidak harus dari keturunan langsung raja (<em>kaomu</em>); c) Seorang raja bukanlah penguasa absolut, sehingga ia dapat dihukum jika melanggar sumpahnya. Sementara itu, dalam tata kelola kemasyarakatan dapat dirujuk pada sistem pembagian golongan berdasarkan pada fungsi dan tanggung jawabnya, pola hidup sang raja mencerminkan filosofi bangunan <em>kamali</em> (istana) yang ditempatinya, tanpa perbedaan jenis kelamin dimana setiap orang memiliki kesempatan dan hak yang sama untuk menjadi pemimpin. Dalam konteks sekarang, fakta ini bisa menjadi pelajaran dalam mengatur tata pemerintahan berdasarkan demokrasi yang menjunjung tinggi hak yang sama atas semua rakyat secara adil dan egaliter yang bersumber dari nilai-nilai kultur, sosial, religius masyarakat Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: Demokrasi, kerajaan tradisional, Islam, politik dinasti.</strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This paper attempted to analyzes the roots of democracy in the kingdom of Muna were limited 16<strong><sup>th</sup></strong><strong></strong>-20th century AD. By using anthropology-historical perspective, this paper will capture the implications of democracy in the kingdom of Muna significantly affected by Islamic values in governance and social system. Democratization in governance can be traced on formed Kingdom base on legitimacy as well as political control; there was not automatic king for the descendant (<em>kaomu</em>); none an absolute ruler. Meanwhile, in social system it can be referred to division of roles accordance with functions and responsibilities; the pattern of king’s life was reflected in palace construction (<em>kamali</em>); regardless of sex that possess the same rights and opportunities. In nowdays context, it could be a lesson to manage governance based on democracy that upholds the right and obligation for all people in justice and egalitarian which was in fact derived from Indonesian culture, social, and religious values.</p><p><strong>Keynote: Democracy, traditional kingdom, Islam, political dynasty.</strong></p><p> </p><strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>


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