The Biography of the Earth

2021 ◽  
pp. 200-213
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Ervin-Blankenheim
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Asteroid Impact ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
The Universe

The story of the Phanerozoic Eon continues in this chapter with the Mesozoic Era. The first period in the Mesozoic, the Triassic, was bookended by two extinction events, the one at the beginning, discussed in the prior chapter at the end of the Permian Period, the Great Dying, and then another at the end of the period, related to the further breakup of Pangea. Dinosaurs evolved and diversified during the Mesozoic to occupy nearly each and every ecological niche on the planet, with large dinosaurs and small dinosaurs, ones that flew, those that ate vegetation, and those that preyed upon the herbivores—making this time a dino-dominated age. In the late Jurassic Period, small mammals, many of them insectivores, were starting to become prevalent. The era ended with a “big bang” of a different type than is theorized as the start of the universe—with the Chicxulub asteroid impact 66 million years ago that ended the lives of most of the dinosaurs, the non-avian lines, and opened up new ecological niches for the next “masters of the universe,” the mammals.

Aristotle's Unmoved Movers

Traditio ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Merlan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Picture ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Concentric Spheres ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Middle Ages

According to Aristotle all heavenly movement is ultimately due to the activity of forty-seven (or fifty-five) ‘unmoved movers'. This doctrine is highly remarkable in itself and has exercised an enormous historical influence. It forms part of a world-picture the outlines of which are as follows. The universe consists of concentric spheres, revolving in circles. The outermost of these bears the fixed stars. The other either bear planets or, insofar as they do not, contribute indirectly to the movements of the latter. Each sphere is moved by the one immediately surrounding it, but also possesses a movement of its own, due to its mover, an unmoved, incorporeal being. (It was these beings which the schoolmen designated as theintelligentiae separatae.) The seemingly irregular movements of the planets are thus viewed as resulting from the combination of regular circular revolutions. The earth does not move and occupies the centre of the universe. Such was Aristotle's astronomic system, essential parts of which were almost universally adopted by the Arabic, Jewish, and Christian philosophers of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals “Misschien is dit de betekenis van deze Schriftpassage.”

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Nienke Roelants
Keyword(s):  
Divine Providence ◽  
Biblical Authority ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

In the early 1540ies G.J. Rheticus wrote an anonymous treatise entitled both Epistola deTerrae Motu and Dissertatio de Hypoth[esibus] Astron[omiae] Copernicanae. In thisletter he discusses why proclaiming the motion of the earth does not need to beconsidered as an impious act incompatible with the words of Holy Scripture. Based onan analysis of authorities mentioned by the author in this letter, I conclude thatRheticus’ strategy on the one hand consists in playing down the importance of thetraditional Aristotelian-Ptolemaic notions on the universe in the field of astronomy andby emphasizing the indirect character of Biblical authority in these matters. On the otherhand, he claims the absolute, immediate authority of mathematics in astronomy bywhich he consequently challenges the traditional medieval hierarchy of sciences.Rheticus considers the achievements of Copernicus to be part of divine providence.

Sons of the Earth: Are the Stoics Metaphysical Brutes?

Phronesis ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Maria Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Study ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn this paper, it is argued the Stoics develop an account of corporeals that allows their theory of bodies to be, at the same time, a theory of causation, agency, and reason. The paper aims to shed new light on the Stoics' engagement with Plato's Sophist. It is argued that the Stoics are Sons of the Earth insofar as, for them, the study of corporeals – rather than the study of being – is the most fundamental study of reality. However, they are sophisticated Sons of the Earth by developing a complex notion of corporeals. A crucial component of this account is that ordinary bodies are individuated by the way in which the corporeal god pervades them. The corporeal god is the one cause of all movements and actions in the universe.

scholarly journals Worship in Islam and Contemplation in God's Creation (An Analytical Study)

sjesr ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-298
Author(s):  
Dr. Samina Begum ◽  
Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ibrar Ullah ◽  
Dr. Hashmat Begum
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Do So

The contemplation of God’s creation is one of the greatest forms of worship in Islam  every human being, when he observes the different scenes of this universe of colors and smells, enjoys seeing some of them so much that he longs to repeat this pleasure۔  It is not amazing, therefore, that countless Quranic verses give confidence this action and do so using a range of methods to appeal to every temperament and religious state. The mean is to switch people away from their dulled senses, awful habits, and monotonous familiarity, and encourage them to observe the signs of their Lord in the world with insight and vulnerable hearts. True Islamic contemplation can only spring from a mind that believes in God and a mind that submits to Him and His glorious Attributes. This is the unwavering faith of oneness (tawhÏd), which is to bear witness that the Almighty is the One and only God Who created, governs, and maintain the universe. Any other form of contemplation of the attractiveness and brilliance of the heavens and the earth would be measured atheism or polytheism (shirk) because the contemplator would not be distinguished, let alone admiring and express thanks to the Creator. In all religions, after beliefs, the highest importance is given to worship. Worship and contemplation are inseparable.

scholarly journals Big Bang Theory based on Hubble’s constant

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Robert J Buenker ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Constant Acceleration ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The experimental relations between the speeds of galaxies and their corresponding separations from the Earth are discussed in some detail. It is pointed out that Hubble’s Constant, which indicates that the speeds and separations have the same constant ratio for every known galaxy, can be combined with well-known relationships for objects under the influence of constant acceleration to give some concrete predictions of how these quantities vary with time. It is found according to this analysis that the acceleration of each galaxy is directly proportional to its speed, for example. This value is the net result of the continuous competition between gravitational forces and the inertial forces still operative since the Big Bang explosion. Its value is extremely small, equal to only 1.17x10-10 ft/s2 for the Hydra galaxy, for example, which moves at a speed of 38,000 mi/s. Most importantly, the indication is that is that the inertial forces are constantly winning out over the gravitational forces for each galaxy. The resulting equations also indicate that the speed of any galaxy varies in direct proportion to the time Δt which has elapsed since the origin of the universe (Big Bang explosion), while its distance from the Earth varies as the square of this elapsed time. On this basis, it is concluded that Hubble’s Constant itself varies in direct proportion to Δt and thus acts as a “clock of the universe.” More generally, the conclusion from this analysis is that the universe is open and continues to expand outward at an ever increasing rate

The mystery of Copernicus’ star catalogue (The second part) The system of time and determination of the Earth’s triple motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 960 (6) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
S.A. Tolchelnikova
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Time System ◽  
Star Catalogue ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Axis Rotation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

Objecting to those who consider Copernicus’s work as repeating the achievements of Antiquity, we pay attention to his determination of uniform time necessary for applying any mathematical theory in particular, the one describing the observed uneven movements through a composition of circular and uniform rotations. Using the Egyptian year of 365 solar days, Copernicus analyzed the observations for the period from the first Olympiad up to his own observations. Generalizing the results of observations of two millennia and reducing them to the unique time system enabled his explaining the observed precession of equinoxes, and changes in the angle of inclination of the Earth’s equator to ecliptic by the lag of the Earth’s center rotation from that of its axis, simultaneously to exclude empty spheres from the medieval mechanical models of the Universe. Analyzing the observations of the period 4 times longer than that of Ptolemy, Copernicus managed to obtain the mean value of precession and the period of the Earth axis rotation practically coinciding with modern determinations. The proof of “the triple motion of the Earth” was necessary for affirmation of heliocentric system of the world.

scholarly journals SCALAR FIELD COSMOLOGY II: SUPERFLUIDITY, QUANTUM TURBULENCE, AND INFLATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (26) ◽  
pp. 1250154 ◽  
Author(s):  
KERSON HUANG ◽  
HWEE-BOON LOW ◽  
ROH-SUAN TUNG
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Field ◽  
Quantum Turbulence ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Vortex Matter ◽  
Phase Dynamics ◽  
Vortex Lines ◽  
Vortex Tangle ◽  
The One ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

We generalize the big bang model in a previous paper by extending the real vacuum scalar field to a complex vacuum scalar field, within the FLRW framework. The phase dynamics of the scalar field, which makes the universe a superfluid, is described in terms of a density of quantized vortex lines, and a tangle of vortex lines gives rise to quantum turbulence. We propose that all the matter in the universe was created in the turbulence, through reconnection of vortex lines, a process necessary for the maintenance of the vortex tangle. The vortex tangle grows and decays, and its lifetime is the era of inflation. These ideas are implemented in a set of closed cosmological equations that describe the cosmic expansion driven by the scalar field on the one hand, and the vortex–matter dynamics on the other. We show how these two aspects decouple from each other, due to a vast difference in energy scales. The model is not valid beyond the inflation era, but the universe remains a superfluid afterwards. This gives rise to observable effects in the present universe, including dark matter, galactic voids, nonthermal filaments, and cosmic jets.

World Ages and the Body Politic

1961 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
H. J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Body Politic ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

When, at an unknown but manifestly early period, speculation regarding the duration and destiny of the world began, the thinkers of those days had two analogies to guide them, and consequently two divergent conclusions were reached. The first was the recurrent cycle of the seasons; the second, the growth, maturity, decay and death of the human and all other animal bodies. Reasoning from the one, some arrived at the conclusion that the world, at least the earth and mankind, had passed and would always continue to pass through a series of epochs, limited in number, which when they had ended would recommence, and so on indefinitely. From the other datum the result was reached that as a man dies and does not come to life again (for even the fairly wide-spread and early doctrine of reincarnation supposed only that the soul would be given a new earthly body of some kind, not that the whole individual would return), so the earth, or the universe generally, would grow old and die and that would be the end of it. It is the purpose of this paper to examine these two ideas and one or two offshoots of them as they are known to have appeared in the two classical civilizations of Europe, and especially in Greece, and if possible to draw some tentative conclusions as to which, if either, can be found more characteristic of native thought.

scholarly journals The Microwave Background Radiation: An Alternative View

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 287-289
Author(s):  
Jayant V. Narlikar
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
List Type ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Microwave Background Radiation ◽  
Big Bang Model ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

Why do we need to think about any alternatives when the primordial interpretation of the microwave background radiation (MBR) has been accepted by so many for so long? The answer is that the primordial interpretation, in spite of its successes has manifest shortcomings in spite of attempts to remove them by so many for so long. To mention a few: a)Why is the MBR temperature 2.7 K? The value is taken as a parameter in all early universe calculations; it is not predicted by the hot big bang theory with or without inflation.b)There are other astrophysical processes of comparable energy density and other radiation backgrounds that have no primordial origin; why should MBR alone stand out as the odd one out just at this epoch?c)Why are there no signatures of structure formation on the MBR; why is it so smooth?d)The hot big bang model relates to the universe in the first three minutes while the MBR is observed in the more recent past; are we not making too long a jump across from the one to the other?

scholarly journals Big Bang Theory based on Hubble’s constant

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Robert J Buenker ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Constant Acceleration ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

The experimental relations between the speeds of galaxies and their corresponding separations from the Earth are discussed in some detail. It is pointed out that Hubble’s Constant, which indicates that the speeds and separations have the same constant ratio for every known galaxy, can be combined with well-known relationships for objects under the influence of constant acceleration to give some concrete predictions of how these quantities vary with time. It is found according to this analysis that the acceleration of each galaxy is directly proportional to its speed, for example. This value is the net result of the continuous competition between gravitational forces and the inertial forces still operative since the Big Bang explosion. Its value is extremely small, equal to only 1.17x10-10 ft/s2 for the Hydra galaxy, for example, which moves at a speed of 38,000 mi/s. Most importantly, the indication is that is that the inertial forces are constantly winning out over the gravitational forces for each galaxy. The resulting equations also indicate that the speed of any galaxy varies in direct proportion to the time Δt which has elapsed since the origin of the universe (Big Bang explosion), while its distance from the Earth varies as the square of this elapsed time. On this basis, it is concluded that Hubble’s Constant itself varies in direct proportion to Δt and thus acts as a “clock of the universe.” More generally, the conclusion from this analysis is that the universe is open and continues to expand outward at an ever increasing rate

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