The Modes of Ottomanism

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-39
Author(s):  
M. Hakan Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Origins

This chapter examines the origins, meaning, and failure of Ottomanism as a state-centric identity. The initial questions include, What are the key causes of the longing for the Ottoman Empire? What are the social implications of nostalgia for the past? What explains the current wave of Ottoman romanticism? This chapter argues that nostalgia in this instance is a bottom-up phenomenon. It traces the changing meaning of Ottomanism by exploring its historical origins in the second half of the 19th century. The chapter follows the Tanzimat Reforms of 1839 and the inevitable decline of the Ottoman Empire. The idea of Ottomanism as a new state-centric identity to unify diverse ethnic and religious groups was promoted by a small Westernizing elite, known as the Young Ottomans. The chapter’s closing question is, What was the purpose of creating a new state-centric Ottoman identity?

The Development of Armeno-Turkish (Hayatar T‘rk‘erēn) in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-100
Author(s):  
Bedross Der Matossian
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Armeno-Turkish played an important role in the lives of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. At a time in which more than half of the Armenians of the Empire did not speak Armenian, Armeno-Turkish came to fill an important gap. It led to the proliferation of literacy among Armenians and allowed them to mark and strengthen their ethno-religious boundaries vis-à-vis other ethno-religious groups in the Ottoman Empire, while simultaneously allowing for the crossing of these boundaries which, in general, were characterized by fluidity. The 19th century represents an important phase in the development of Armeno-Turkish. Its development cannot be attributed to one factor; rather to a host of factors that include the impact of the Armenian Zart‘ōnk‘ (awakening), the spread of Catholicism and Protestantism, the impact of the Tanzimat Reforms (1839–1876), the development of Armenian ethno-religious boundaries, and the role of print culture. Finally, Armeno-Turkish raises important questions regarding identity formation, belonging, and cross-cultural interaction.

scholarly journals Designing the social estate of odnodvortsy of the western provinces in 1831

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Constantin Vadimovich Troianowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Category ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article investigates the process of designing of the new social estate in imperial Russia - odnodvortsy of the western provinces. This social category was designed specifically for those petty szlachta who did not possess documents to prove their noble ancestry and status. The author analyses deliberations on the subject that took place in the Committee for the Western Provinces. The author focuses on the argument between senior imperial officials and the Grodno governor Mikhail Muraviev on the issue of registering petty szlachta in fiscal rolls. Muraviev argued against setting up a special fiscal-administrative category for petty szlachta suggesting that its members should join the already existing unprivileged categories of peasants and burgers. Because this proposal ran against the established fiscal practices, the Committee opted for creating a distinct social estate for petty szlachta. The existing social estate paradigm in Russia pre-assigned the location of the new soslovie in the imperial social hierarchy. Western odnodvortsy were to be included into a broad legal status category of the free inhabitants. Despite similarity of the name, the new estate was not modeled on the odnodvortsy of the Russian provinces because they retained from the past certain privileges (e.g. the right to possess serfs) that did not correspond to the 19th century attributes of unprivileged social estates.

scholarly journals Artist and Authorities. Nikolay Gogol and the Censorship Policy of the 19th–20th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-111
Author(s):  
Igor' A. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article is devoted to historical and theoretical problems of relations between an artist and the authorities. The work summarizes old methodological principles for studying Russian censorship in the 19th century and formulates the new ones. A comprehensive study of the censorship histories of N. V. Gogol's works introduces significant adjustments to the idea of the exclusively negative role of censorship in his literary fate, and proves the overall positive interaction with the censorship department. The author analyzes the limitations of the "class approach" inherited from the past era in the understanding and assessment of censorship, which in fact represents a system of regulatory norms and restrictions. The social significance of the institution of censorship as the most important component of culture is emphasized. Despite the well-known shortcomings of the censorship department in the 19th century, which was exclusively covered by the radical criticism, Russian censorship was at the forefront of the struggle against negative processes that developed in the subsequent 20th century. The character of Gogol's satire as a form of public service is studied. The correlation of spiritual and pastoral denunciation with state interests is considered among other censorship issues.

scholarly journals Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views?

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Gunther Jikeli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Reasons ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Role Of Religion

The most violent American and European antisemites in the 21st century, including not only Jihadists but also white (and black) supremacist terrorist, made some reference to religion in their hatred of Jews. This is surprising. Religious antisemitism is often seen as a relic of the past. It is more associated with pre-modern societies where the role of religion was central to the social and political order. However, at the end of the 19th century, animosity against Judaism gave way to nationalistic and racist motives. People such as Wilhelm Marr called themselves antisemites to distinguish themselves from those who despised Jews for religious reasons. Since then, antisemitism has gone through many mutations. However, today, it is not only the actions of extremely violent antisemites who might be an indication that religious antisemitism has come back in new forms. Some churches have been accused of disseminating antisemitic arguments related to ideas of replacement theology in modernized forms and applied to the Jewish State. Others, from the populist nationalist right, seem to use Christianity as an identity marker and thus exclude Jews (and Muslims) from the nation. Do religious motifs play a significant role in the resurgence of antisemitism in the 21st century?

scholarly journals Traditional music of Prizren Gora in the shadow of the Ottoman empire

Muzikologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 101-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Rankovic
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Traditional Music ◽  
Musical Performance ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
New Religion ◽  
Traditional Manner

Located at the southernmost part of Kosovo and Metohija, on the slopes of the Sharr Mountains, Gora represents a place once inhabited by the Serbian Orthodox population, who converted to Islam under the Turkish occupation of the Balkans. The faith conversion began in the 16th and ended in the 19th century, at which point there had still been some remains of Orthodox churches left on the territory of Gora. The acceptance of the new religion and other values passed on by the Ottoman Empire brought about changes in terms of identity, so, nowadays, inhabitants identify themselves as the Goranci/Gorani people. To this very day, their cultural matrix reflects a combination of musical creations which probably preceded the change of religion as well as those variations established by the Turkish domination. These phenomena can be tracked on the level of both their context and the musical text. The Gorani celebrate Christian holidays (Christmas and St George?s Day), and keep those holidays that are part of Islamic practice (Sunnah and Bayram). As an example of an older, traditional manner of musical expression, the two-part ?aloud? (na glas) singing has a dominant second interval in a narrow tonal ambitus and a free metro-rhythmical organization. This form of singing is usually shaped into octosyllable and it is characterized by text improvisation which happens simultaneously with a certain action. Its interpretation is associated with St George?s Day, wedding, Sunnah, and other holidays. Songs that accompany the dance are sung in a heterophonic manner or in unison, accompanied by the tambourine (emic term: daire or def). Unlike the two-part ?aloud? singing, performing the songs in unison with the tambourine and dance has wider tonal systems with a periodical case of an excessive second. However, the very emergence of numerous instruments such as the tambourine, kaval, tambura and zurla, shows a considerable Turkish-Eastern influence. This influence is especially noticeable in the Romani ?musicking? using zurla, which typically involves a combination of traditional music of different nations, predominantly Turkish and Albanian. Turkish influence tied to instrumental music was conveyed to the vocal singing, particularly to singing songs together with using the tambourine while dancing, as well as to singing to the accompaniment of the tambura. Within these modes of musical performance, asymmetrical rhythms are used, along with the augmented second, which ethnomusicological literature often cites as an element of Oriental culture. By overviewing the Gorani musical practice and the ?otherness? in diachrony, it is evident that what was known as otherness in the past now represents an integral part of the identity. The practices established before Islam, as well as those brought by this religion, are manifested in terms of context and text. It is obvious that the Gorani people have created their own musical uniqueness throughout the centuries of cultural turmoil.

scholarly journals Polish Buenos Aires – Polish Traces in the Urban Space of the Past and Present

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3 (181)) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Adrianna Seniów ◽  
Nina Pielacińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The beginnings of Polish mass emigration to Argentina date back to the end of the 19th century, but since then, several stages of the influx of Poles to the country on La Plata can be distinguished. They differ both in terms of the number and the social nature of immigrants. The aim of this article is to show how the presence of the Polish immigrants community was reflected in the urban space and cultural life of the capital of Argentina. This study investigates the material traces of presence, such as monuments, squares, buildings, commemorative plaques, as well as its intangible dimension: the activities of Polish organizations, Polish schools and parishes, Polish festivals, which have been part of the ethnically diverse urban landscape of Buenos Aires for years.

scholarly journals EYEWITNESS’S VIEW: 900TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BAPTISM OF RUS IN KYIV IN A LETTER FROM PETRO VASYLCHYKOV TO GRYGORII GALAGAN

2018 ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Maryna Budzar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Invented Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

The archives of the Ukrainian elite are an important source for the reconstruction of various life-stages of society in the 19th century. Publication of the document form Galagan family collection, presents a private view on one of the signifi cant events in the social and political history of the Russian Empire. This is a celebration of the 900th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus in Kyiv on summer 1888. Feasibility publication due to the fact that this year marks 130 years since the events referred to in the letter. The celebration of the 900th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus was entirely in line with the imperial power’s desire to use the past for creating ideological and spiritual myths, that would contribute to strengthening the autocratic system of government through the unifi cation of the state and the church. In the last third of the 19 century the Russian Empire was actively involved in European practice of so called «invented tradition» (E. Gobsbaum) for a successful positioning itself as a country in the world. But the practice of imperial anniversaries had not only foreign policy but also internal tasks. It sought to neutralize national factors of life of the peoples of the multinational empire, especially Ukrainian, and strengthen the «space power» by leveling distinct. Petro Vasylchykov letter to Grygorii Galagan helps to understand the attitude to this event of the prominent politicians and public activists of the Empire at the end of the 19th century. At the same time, it contains many details for the reconstruction of everyday life of Kyiv at the time of the anniversary celebration.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

Theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Mol’s concept of the social state

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Svetlana Pirozhok
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Social State ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relevance of determining the theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Moll’s concept of the social state is due to the need to determine the patterns of evolution of ideas about the state and law, as well as the need to assess the ability to use the potential of the Robert von Moll’s theoretical and legal heritage, his predecessors and contemporaries to identify the optimal model of the social state. Modern Russia attempts to build such state. The proclamation and consolidation of Russia as a social state governed by the rule of law at the constitutional level requires attention both to the experiments carried out in social and legal development, and to the practices of social reform, and also to those ideas that have not yet been embodied. The ideas of European scholars regarding the evolution of the state-legal organization of society in the early modern period, based on which Robert von Mohl (1799–1875) developed original concepts of a social state and a state governed by the rule of law are discussed in the article. An analysis of the state of European political and legal thought and identification of the factors that have a significant impact on the development of Robert von Mohl’s doctrine of a social state governed by the rule of law are the purposes of the scientific article. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical-materialistic, general scientific (historical, systemic) and special (historical-legal, comparativelegal) methods of legal research. The method of reconstruction and interpretation of legal ideas had great importance. As a result of the study, it was concluded that in the first half of the 19th century in European political and legal thought various approaches was formed to consider the problems of social protection and how to resolve them. The development trend of European political science became the transition from ideas and principles formed in the conditions of police states and enlightened absolutism to the ideas of a state governed by the rule of law (constitutional) that protects the rights and freedoms of a citizen. At the same time, it was a question of the rights and freedoms of only a part of the population: the proletariat growing in number and significance was not always evaluated as an independent social stratum. The axiological principles of state justification have also changed. Rights and utility principle became dominant principles. In the first half of the 19th century the social issue as an independent scientific problem of the European political and legal thought was not posed and not systematically developed. Questions about the social essence of the state, the specifics of the implementation of the state social function, the features of public administration in the new stage of socio-economic development of society predetermined the emergence of the idea of a social state. This idea was comprehensively characterized in the Robert von Mohl’s works. He went down in the history of political and legal thought as founder of the concepts of social and governed by the rule of law state.

Brokers in the tea trade between China and West Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 092137402110218
Author(s):  
Ute Röschenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
West Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The 19Th Century

Brokers have played important roles in the trade of green tea between China and Mali, from the 19th century when tea first came to Mali up to the present. They mediate between tea buyers and sellers, work on their own account, use soft skills, knowledge and networks and make a living from the commission they gain. This article examines the work of brokers in the tea trade, the social constellations in which they are active and the scope of their activity. Based on extensive field research in Mali and China, this article shows how brokers create their own jobs in a dynamic business landscape, which is often delimited by governmental policies, competing entrepreneurial activities and social movements.

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