Subcultures of Humiliation and Counter-Humiliation

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-104
Author(s):  
Farhad Khosrokhavar
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Young Men ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Muslim Youth ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
Sizeable Minority ◽  
Social Freedoms

Chapter 2 discusses the fact that jihadism cannot be solely attributed to the disaffected young Muslims. A sizeable minority of jihadis consists of converts (from 8 percent to more than 20 percent, according to the European countries), as well as middle-class Muslims. Nevertheless, male disaffected Muslim youth, mostly from the first and the second generations, living chiefly in ghettoized neighborhoods, represent the major part of the jihadis in Europe. They come from at least three types of “slum subculture” which are marked by poverty, humiliation, and discontent. These are: the European slum subculture proper, the subculture of religious introversion (Salafism and Tabligh), and the subculture of violent religious confrontation (jihadism). These themes of poverty, humiliation, and discontent are discussed at length in this chapter and are reflected in interviews presented throughout, which were conducted by the author with some of the young men affected by these conditions. Also discussed are the ways in which secular society and its social freedoms contribute to the frustration and discontent expressed by these individuals.

Geography and the Gerrymander

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Major Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Partial Suppression ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
The Individual

The gerrymander is an American name for a political abuse, which, though by no means exclusively American, has been most widely practiced and generally tolerated in this country. It is a device for the partial suppression of public opinion that simulates agreement with democratic institutions. The subterfuge, therefore, has no place in countries in which oligarchic control is legitimized. Nor is it suited to European conditions, because it is difficult there to shift electoral boundaries. European electoral units in large part have a clearly defined historical basis, which in turn rests upon geographic coherence. This solidarity is commonly so great that it cannot be disregarded. American political divisions on the other hand show in major part very imperfect adjustment to economic and historic conditions, largely, because many of the divisions were created in advance of such conditions. They are, in the main, not gradual growths, but deliberate and arbitrary legislative creations, made without adequate knowledge of the conditions that make for unity or disunity of population within an area. Political divisions tend, therefore, to be less significant than in European countries and to be regarded more lightly. It is in particular the smaller unit, such as the county, that has been manipulated for electoral purposes. In spite of their poorly drawn individual boundaries, groups of counties can be organized into larger electoral units in such a manner as to represent a common body of interests predominating. On the other hand they can be so arranged as to mask these interests. The lack of proper coherence in the individual county may be rectified in large measure in the group, or it may be intensified. Gerrymandering accomplishes the latter result.

scholarly journals Health Information Accessed on the Internet: The Development in 5 European Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Egil Kummervold ◽  
Rolf Wynn
Keyword(s):  
Health Information ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Information Access ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Media Source ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Near Future

The aim of this study was to summarize and analyse findings from four prior studies on the use of the Internet as a source of health information in five European countries (Norway, Denmark, Germany, Greece, and Portugal). A cross-study comparison of data was performed. All the studies included fit with a trend of a sharp and continuous growth in the use of the Internet for health information access in the major part of the last decade. Importantly, the Internet has become an important mass media source of health information in northern Europe. While the use of the Internet for health information is somewhat less common in the south European countries, its use is also clearly increasing there. We discuss the advantages of cross-study comparisons of data and methodological challenges. As the use of the Internet for health information is likely to peak in some countries in the near future, new population surveys on health information access should focus more on the details of information that is accessed and which sites that are most used and trusted.

The Withered ‘Greening’ of British Politics: A Study of the Ecology Party

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Rüdig ◽  
Philip D. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
European Countries ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Green Party ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Green Parties ◽  
Group Integration ◽  
History Of

Britain appears to be largely removed from the new political tide of ‘green’ parties that is currently sweeping other West European countries. This article will put forward some explanations for this ‘stillborn’ character of ‘green’ party politics in Britain. A detailed scrutiny of the history of the Ecology Party will be provided. It will be argued that the relative weakness of the Party is mainly due to its'failure to attract the support of ‘new social movements’. Particular attention will be paid to the British political system's ability to deal with middle-class protest movements by a mixture of issue suppression and group integration.

George Clarke Simpson, 1878-1965

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 156-175 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Sunday School ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Grammar School ◽  
The Family ◽  
Happy Family ◽  
Retail Shop

George Clarke Simpson was born at Derby on 2 September 1878, the second son and third of the seven children, three sons and four daughters, of Arthur and Alice Lambton Simpson. Arthur, born at Derby on 25 May 1851 and educated at Derby Grammar School, was the son of a Derby shopkeeper —of a small retail shop—and, until his marriage, helped in his father’s shop. Alice was the daughter of a well-to-do wharfinger, Thomas William Clarke, of Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire, whose business was ruined through the silting up of the port. She was born on 25 March 1853 and died on 22 December 1937. On marriage Arthur and Alice started a business of their own and slowly and laboriously built up a wholesale business, hardware, drapery and toys, one of the best in Derby at the end of the century. Arthur was an active church worker, a particularly successful teacher of young men in the Sunday School and, later in life, Councillor, Alderman and Mayor of Derby. He died on 27 June 1917. Arthur’s brother, George, was the father of David Capell Simpson, Oriel Professor of Interpretation of Holy Scripture, Oxford, 1925-1950. In the early years of their marriage Simpson’s parents lived over their warehouse in Bag Lane, later East Street, in the centre of Derby and there Simpson was born. About twelve years later his parents bought a house in a better locality where the family lived the typical life of the Victorian middle class. It was a happy family and, as the business continued to grow, there was never any real shortage of money; but there was no extravagance and certainly no waste.

scholarly journals ‘What a Wonderful Change Have I Undergone…So Altered in Stature, Knowledge & Ideas!’: Apprenticeship, Adolescence and Growing Up in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Ulster

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Young People ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Until the late nineteenth century, apprenticeship was the main way in which young people were trained in crafts and trades. Given that most apprenticeship terms lasted approximately seven years, young people could expect to spend a large part of their youth in service to another. Apprenticeship therefore coincided with an important phase in the life cycle of many young men (and women) during this period. A study of apprenticeship not only tells us how young people learned the skills with which they made their future living, it also casts light on the process of ‘growing up’. However, we still know little about the everyday lives of apprentices, their relationships with their masters, and how young people themselves understood the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Drawing largely on the diary of John Tennent (1772–1813), a grocer’s apprentice who kept a record of his time spent in service, this article aims to broaden our understanding of these themes in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Ireland. It demonstrates that, for young middle-class men like Tennent, apprenticeship played a key role in the transition from boy to manhood.

Basic Ethnography at the Barricades

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nefissa Naguib
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Immolation

We did not see them growing up. We did not think these jaded middle-class boys and girls would one day be resilient and hold their ground. We did not realize that they would be brave, supremely articulate, and driven by aspirations beyond our dreams. The whole thing started with the desperate act of self-immolation by a young Tunisian man. His death sparked a wave of rage against poverty, social exclusion, and corruption. Almost overnight, young men and women created spaces in squares, streets, and alleys where we could imagine new Arab countries. Enraged yet nonviolent, they used technology and the vocabulary of democracy to connect and mobilize ordinary Arab citizens of all walks of life and capture the attention of the world. In Egypt, Tahrir Square became the epicenter of the people's demands for bread, dignity, and social justice. Without leaders or a timetable, but with unconditional demands for immediate change, online activists provided us with physical and social grounds to imagine a new country. We all brought something to the square: blood, medicines, bandages, food, water, blankets, generators, diapers, mobile-phone chargers, garbage bags, wipes, and our own personal notes to the regime (and the world) written in bold letters. Mine just said: “Leave.”

Youth, Gender, and the Workplace

2013 ◽  
Vol 646 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Naafs
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Youth Culture ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Transitions To Adulthood ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Muslim Youth ◽  
Industrial Town

Drawing on interviews and ethnographic research conducted between 2008 and 2010, this article examines how relatively educated Muslim youths navigate employment and family life in the context of an emerging globalized Muslim youth culture and economic restructuring in the industrial town of Cilegon, Indonesia. Specifically, the article explores the aspirations of young men and women for work and marriage and their ability to achieve locally valued forms of masculinity and femininity during their transitions to adulthood. It argues that aspirations and decisions about employment are informed by, and in turn contribute to, gendered and religious expectations about marriage and future family life.

‘What is a Beautiful Body?’

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 192-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat C. Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The Self ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article examines the emergence and spread of the ‘sportsman’ genre of Ottoman photography in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Istanbul. The ‘sportsman photograph’ depicted young men posing shirtless or wearing tight-fitting athletic attire, flexing their muscles and exhibiting their bodies. These images were embedded in a wider set of athletic and leisure activities and constituted novel social and photographic practices. By tracing the deployment of ‘sportsman’ photographs in sports clubs and the press, I argue that they cemented homosocial bonds, normalized and popularized new notions of masculinity, confessionalized the male body and reconfigured the ways in which Ottoman Muslims, Christians and Jews performed and conveyed their commitment to middle-class notions of masculinity and the self.

scholarly journals Consumption of television among youngsters at University

Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Almansa-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Young Men ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
The University ◽  
The Way

Enough he has written himself on the television consumption during the infancy and adolescence. Nevertheless, overcome the threshold of the adult age, The topic loses interest. Evidently, the young men present circumstances different well from the children. The first one and more importantly it is that the young men already possess the sufficient maturity and criterion to be able to interpret the messages that come to him for television, since already they are adult persons who have the sufficient formation how to be able to face without problems the audio-visual contents. In any case, yes that continues being interesting to know which is the consumption of these university young men and which are the tastes most generalized in this public. This article offers the result of an investigation among pupils of the University of Malaga , that is to say, between university young men proceeding from Malaga , from other many Spanish provinces and from different European countries (pupils who are in this university for a scholarship Erasmus). It treats itself of a generation who has been growing with the television and who, from very small, they were enjoying the way in his moments of leisure. That is to say, the study has been done among persons who are doing top studies in Spain and who, besides this formation, count already with years of experience as television hearing. Hereby, we will know the number of daily hours that are in the habit of dedicating to seeing television, in what moment of the day, which they are his chains and favorite programs, as well as his valuation on the principal television contents. In the same line, we will know the principal reasons of election of programs. We can affirm that the university young men select the channel that they are going to see, not so much for the chain in yes and the image that they have of her, but rather for the program that is expressed and his contents. The favorite programs are those of amusement. For it, magazines are at the head of his preferences. In the same line, the programs with content ironic and humorous, included some contents of named «garbage», they are between most seen by the university young men. The informative ones also are favorite. Bastante se ha escrito sobre el consumo de televisión durante la infancia y la adolescencia. Sin embargo, superada la mayoría de edad, el tema suele requerir menor atención. Evidentemente, los jóvenes presentan circunstancias bien distintas a los niños. La primera y más importante es que los jóvenes cuentan con la suficiente madurez y criterio para saber interpretar los mensajes que les llegan por televisión, pues ellos son personas adultas que tienen la suficiente formación como para poder enfrentarse sin problemas a los contenidos audiovisuales. En cualquier caso, sí que sigue siendo interesante conocer cuál es el consumo de estos jóvenes universitarios y cuáles son los gustos más generalizados en este público. En este artículo se ofrece el resultado de una reciente investigación, llevada a cabo entre alumnos de la Universidad de Málaga, es decir, entre jóvenes universitarios procedentes de Málaga, de otras muchas provincias españolas y de distintos países europeos (alumnos que se encuentran en esta universidad por una beca Erasmus). Se trata, sea cual sea su lugar de nacimiento, de una generación que ha ido creciendo con la televisión y que, desde muy pequeños, disfrutan del medio en sus ratos de ocio. Es decir, el estudio se ha llevado a cabo entre personas que se encuentran haciendo estudios superiores en España (licenciatura) y que, además de esta formación, cuentan ya con años de experiencia como audiencia televisiva. De esta manera, se conocerá el número de horas diarias que suelen dedicar a ver televisión, en qué momento del día, cuáles son sus cadenas y programas favoritos, así como su valoración sobre los principales contenidos televisivos. En la misma línea, sabremos las principales razones por las que se decantan por uno u otro espacio. De forma resumida, puede afirmarse que los jóvenes universitarios seleccionan el canal que van a ver, no tando por la cadena en sí y la imagen que tengan de ella, sino más bien por el programa que se esté emitiendo y sus contenidos. Son los espacios dedicados al entretenimiento los preferidos por los jóvenes. Por ello, películas, series nacionales y extranjeras, magazines y programas de entrevistas en general están a la cabeza de sus preferencias. En la misma línea, los programas con contenidos irónicos y humorísticos, incluidos algunos de los denominados «basura», se encuentran entre los más vistos entre los jóvenes universitarios. En el extremo opuesto, informativos y programas de reportajes, elaborados casi siempre por los servicios informativos de las distintas cadenas de televisión, también ocupan un lugar privilegiado en el particular ranking de preferencias juveniles.

scholarly journals How class identities shape highbrow consumption: A cross-national analysis of 30 European countries and regions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

Highbrow culture may not always be central to cultural capital and, in such circumstances, the distinctiveness of middle-class consumption of highbrow culture may diminish, becoming more similar to working-class consumption. Using data from 30 European countries, I explore this issue through examining three questions: 1) is class identity associated with highbrow consumption; 2) does this association vary across countries; and 3) is the relationship between class identity and highbrow consumption altered when the majority of people in a given society identify as either ‘working-class’ or ‘middle-class’? After accounting for other socio-demographic controls, people who identify as middle-class are more active highbrow consumers than those who identify as working class. Yet, the distinctiveness of middle-class consumption of highbrow culture varies across countries and is negatively correlated with how many people identify as working-class in a society. As more people identify as working-class (rejecting middle-class identities) highbrow culture less clearly distinguishes middle-class and working-class identifiers. In the absence of any class-structured divisions in highbrow culture, whether and how cultural practices function as a form of cultural capital is likely quite different, reinforcing the claim that the centrality of highbrow culture to cultural capital varies geographically.

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