Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-226
Author(s):  
Julio F. Carrión
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Democratic Performance ◽  
The Impact

The chapter shows that the impact of populism on democracy depends on the variety of populism in power: the worst outcomes in democratic performance are found under unconstrained populism. By contrast, when populism in power is constrained, democracy will largely survive. To support this claim, the chapter traces two democracy indices under populism in power in the Andes, which as expected, show a marked deterioration of democracy under unconstrained populist governments, while remaining largely unchanged under contained populism. The central proposition of the theory—unconstrained populism in power leads to regime change whereas constrained populism does not—is then explored in cases beyond the Andes. The chapter finds examples of unconstrained populism in Nicaragua under Daniel Ortega and Hungary under Viktor Orbán, their governments having transitioned away from democracy. In other cases where populism was constrained, that was not the case.

A Dynamic Theory of Populism in Power

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio F. Carrión
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
Dynamic Theory ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Popular Participation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between populism and democracy is a hotly debated topic. Some believe that populism is inherently bad for democracy because it is anti-pluralist and confrontational. Others argue that populism can reinvigorate worn-out democracies in need of an infusion of greater popular participation. This book advances this debate by examining the empirical relationship between populism in power and democracy. Does populism in power always lead to regime change, that is, the demise of democracy? The answer is no. The impact of populism on democracy depends on the variety of populism in power: the worst outcomes in democratic governance are found under unconstrained populism. This book discusses the conditions that explain how populism becomes unconstrained, and advances a dynamic theory of change that shows how the late victories of populists build on early ones, resulting in greater power asymmetries. The book analyzes five populist presidencies in the Andes. In four of them (Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela), populism became unconstrained and regime change followed. In one case, Colombia, populism in power was contained and democracy survived. The concluding chapter places the Andean cases in comparative perspective and discusses how unconstrained populism in other cases (Nicaragua and Hungary) also lead to the end of electoral democracy. Where populism in power was constrained (Honduras and the United States), regime change did not materialize. This book advances a theory of populism that help us understand how democracies transition into non-democracies. To that extent, the book illuminates the processes of democratic erosion in our time.

scholarly journals Predicting the Future Distribution of Ara rubrogenys, an Endemic Endangered Bird Species of the Andes, Taking into Account Trophic Interactions

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Alain Hambuckers ◽  
Simon de Harenne ◽  
Eberth Rocha Ledezma ◽  
Lilian Zúñiga Zeballos ◽  
Louis François
Keyword(s):  
Food Resource ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Vegetation Models ◽  
Fertilizing Effect ◽  
The Impact

Species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used with climate only to predict animal distribution changes. This approach however neglects the evolution of other components of the niche, like food resource availability. SDMs are also commonly used with plants. This also suffers limitations, notably an inability to capture the fertilizing effect of the rising CO2 concentration strengthening resilience to water stress. Alternatively, process-based dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) respond to CO2 concentration. To test the impact of the plant modelling method to model plant resources of animals, we studied the distribution of a Bolivian macaw, assuming that, under future climate, DVMs produce more conservative results than SDMs. We modelled the bird with an SDM driven by climate. For the plant, we used SDMs or a DVM. Under future climates, the macaw SDM showed increased probabilities of presence over the area of distribution and connected range extensions. For plants, SDMs did not forecast overall response. By contrast, the DVM produced increases of productivity, occupancy and diversity, also towards higher altitudes. The results offered positive perspectives for the macaw, more optimistic with the DVM than with the SDMs, than initially assumed. Nevertheless, major common threats remain, challenging the short-term survival of the macaw.

The Effects of the Blood

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-117
Author(s):  
Madeleine Pennington
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
Historical Jesus ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 4 outlines the first Christological (and in turn, soteriological) changes in Quaker thought. More explicit distinction was made between Christ and the Light within, the historical Jesus was mentioned more frequently, and Quaker soteriology moved towards Reformed beliefs regarding atonement and justification. Simultaneously, the Quakers were also engaging with more radical streams of thought, and there is some evidence of their early engagement with Spinoza. However, these alliances turned out to be unsustainable; after Friends’ engagement with Dutch Collegiants broke down, their efforts turned back to the more constraining Anglophone West. These developments all reflected a theological process which should not hastily be attributed to the effects of regime change, and the impact of the Restoration upon Quakerism has been exaggerated. Documents such as George Fox’s famous letter to the Governor of Barbados also illustrate the limits of their theological re-evaluation before the early 1670s

scholarly journals Taxation and Corporate Payout Policy

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-66
Author(s):  
Monica Singhania
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Dividend Payout ◽  
Tax Preference ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dividend Tax

This study examines the dividend trends of 590 Indian companies over the period 1992–2004 of all manufacturing, non-government, non-financial, and non-banking companies listed on BSE for which there was no missing financial information over the period of the study. Dividend payout has been chosen for the purpose of examining the impact of taxation on dividend policy. Analysis was done for the full period under consideration, immediate one year of tax regime change, and immediate three years of tax regime change so as to conclusively establish the results and also to note the variations in results over different time frames, if any. For the purpose of this study, the sample was classified on the basis of dividend history, industry, and size. Of the 590 companies, 240 companies were regular payers—the companies that had paid dividend regularly without ever skipping the payments throughout the period of the study. According to tax preference or trade-off theory, favourable dividend tax should lead to higher payouts. The Union Budget of 1997 made dividends taxable in the hands of the company paying them and not in the hands of the investors receiving them. The corporate dividend tax aimed at improving the economic growth and flexibility by eliminating the tax bias against equity-financed investments thereby promoting saving and investment. The new system aimed at reducing the tax bias against capital gains in the earlier tax system, encouraging investment, and enhancing the long-term growth potential of the Indian economy. As compared to the earlier tax regime where the recipient shareholder paid the tax on the dividend received primarily on the basis of marginal tax slab rate applicable to him/her (varying between 0% to 30%), in the current structure of corporate dividend tax, the dividend paying companies pay dividend tax at a flat rate of 12.5 per cent as of financial year 2005–06. Implicitly, the present corporate dividend tax regime can be termed as a more favourable tax policy. The analysis of influence of changes in the tax regime on dividend behaviour reveals the following: Trade-off or tax preference theory does appear to hold true in the Indian context in the case of both the total sample companies as well as the regular payers. While in the case of total sample companies, the results are significant for the entire period of study and the immediate three year period, in case of regular payer, the results are significant for all the three time periods analysed. Though the results are somewhat mixed, it can be largely inferred that there is a significant difference in average dividend payout ratio in the two different tax regimes. There are wide industry-wise and size-wise variations in empirical findings visible over the period of study.

scholarly journals Tropical Andes Radar Precipitation Estimates Need High Temporal and Moderate Spatial Resolution

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Guallpa ◽  
Johanna Orellana-Alvear ◽  
Jörg Bendix
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Weather radar networks are an excellent tool for quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), due to their high resolution in space and time, particularly in remote mountain areas such as the Tropical Andes. Nevertheless, reduction of the temporal and spatial resolution might severely reduce the quality of QPE. Thus, the main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of spatial and temporal resolutions of radar data on the cumulative QPE. For this, data from the world’s highest X-band weather radar (4450 m a.s.l.), located in the Andes of Ecuador (Paute River basin), and from a rain gauge network were used. Different time resolutions (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 min) and spatial resolutions (0.5, 0.25, and 0.1 km) were evaluated. An optical flow method was validated for 11 rainfall events (with different features) and applied to enhance the temporal resolution of radar data to 1-min intervals. The results show that 1-min temporal resolution images are able to capture rain event features in detail. The radar–rain gauge correlation decreases considerably when the time resolution increases (r from 0.69 to 0.31, time resolution from 1 to 60 min). No significant difference was found in the rain total volume (3%) calculated with the three spatial resolution data. A spatial resolution of 0.5 km on radar imagery is suitable to quantify rainfall in the Andes Mountains. This study improves knowledge on rainfall spatial distribution in the Ecuadorian Andes, and it will be the basis for future hydrometeorological studies.

Inca Architecture from the Andes to the Adriatic: Pedro Sancho’s Description of Cuzco*

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1191-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Schreffler
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Text And Image ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Textual Representation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Previous Scholarship

AbstractIn 1556, Giovanni Battista Ramusio facilitated the publication in Venice of a report by Pedro Sancho, official secretary to the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. Sancho’s text included a lengthy description of the architecture and plan of Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire, and was the first such description to appear in print. Previous scholarship has used it as a primary source for reconstructing the appearance of Inca Cuzco as seen by Sancho, Pizarro, and their cohort at the moment of their arrival there in 1533. The text, however, is also evidence for other kinds of historical information, for it demonstrates how habits of description engaged in the production of space. The impact of Sancho’s textual representation of Cuzco is evident in a contemporary reaction to it — a woodcut print that accompanied it when it was first published. Considered together, the text and image lay bare the ways in which modes of representation facilitated political, architectural, and urbanistic change in the sixteenth-century New World.

Constitutions and Democratic Performance in Semi-Presidential Democracies

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ ANTONIO CHEIBUB ◽  
SVITLANA CHERNYKH
Keyword(s):  
Primary Concern ◽  
Party Development ◽  
Democratic Performance ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Presidential Democracies ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
Legislative Effectiveness ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn 1946 there were three democracies in the world with constitutions that, on the one hand, required the government to obtain the support of a legislative majority in order to come to and remain in power and, on the other hand, established a popularly elected president. In 2002, this number had grown to 25. Constitutions with this feature are often considered to be problematic, and, given the number of new democracies that have adopted them, have received considerable attention from political scientists. The primary concern has to do with the potential for conflict between the assembly supported government and the popularly elected president, which may lead to unstable governments, policy paralysis, and the eventual undermining of the democratic regime. Concern has also been raised regarding the negative role a popularly elected president may have on party development and the ‘chain of delegation’ that in a pure parliamentary democracy runs from voters to government through political parties. In this paper, we examine the effect the combination of assembly confidence with a popularly elected president has on government instability, accountability, legislative effectiveness, and democratic survival. We also examine the impact on these outcomes of different combinations of presidential powers. We find that the introduction of a popularly elected president in parliamentary constitutions is of little significant impact and that the preoccupation with the specific powers of the president is mostly overblown.

scholarly journals Parallel diversifications of Cremastosperma and Mosannona (Annonaceae), tropical rainforest trees tracking Neogene upheaval of the South American continent

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Pirie ◽  
Paul J. M. Maas ◽  
Rutger A. Wilschut ◽  
Heleen Melchers-Sharrott ◽  
Lars W. Chatrou
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
The Andes ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100033). Much of the immense present day biological diversity of Neotropical rainforests originated from the Miocene onwards, a period of geological and ecological upheaval in South America. We assess the impact of the Andean orogeny, drainage of lake Pebas, and closure of the Panama Isthmus on two clades of trees (Cremastosperma, c. 31 spp.; and Mosannona, c. 14 spp.; both Annonaceae) found in humid forest distributed across the transition zones between the Andes and Western (lowland) Amazonia and between Central and South America. We inferred phylogenies based on c. 80% of recognised species of each clade using plastid and nuclear encoded sequence markers, revealing similar patterns of geographically restricted clades. Using molecular dating we showed that diversifications in the different areas occurred in parallel, with timing consistent with Andean vicariance and Central American geodispersal. In apparent contradiction of high dispersal abilities of rainforest trees, Cremastosperma clades within Amazonia are also geographically restricted, with a southern/montane clade that appears to have diversified along the foothills of the Andes sister to one of more northern/lowland species that diversified in a region once inundated by lake Pebas. Ecological niche modelling approaches show phylogenetically conserved niche differentiation, particularly within Cremastosperma. Niche similarity and recent common ancestry of Amazon and Guianan Mosannona species contrasts with dissimilar niches and more distant ancestry of Amazon, Venezuelan and Guianan species of Cremastosperma suggesting that this element of the similar patterns of disjunct distributions in the two genera is instead a biogeographic parallelism, with differing origins. The results provide further independent evidence for the importance of the Andean orogeny, the drainage of Lake Pebas, and the formation of links between South and Central America in the evolutionary history of Neotropical lowland rainforest trees.

scholarly journals Non-Native Herbivores Promote Plant Invasions Away From Mountain Roads in the Andes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Aschero ◽  
Agustina Barros ◽  
Lorena Bonjour ◽  
Ana Mazzolari ◽  
Martín Pérez Sosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract While the role of environmental filters, usually described by elevation as proxy, and anthropogenic disturbance as drivers of non-native plant diversity and abundance in mountains have been extensively studied, the impact of herbivores are less explored. Livestock grazing can facilitate the introduction of non-native species by seed dispersal and reduce biotic resistance due to consumption and trampling of native plants, even in the highest protected areas in the Andes. We here explored the effects of elevation, livestock and distance to the road on non-native and native plant distributions. Our results confirm the largely negative relationship of non-native plant richness and cover with elevation, with a peak in richness and cover at low to intermediate elevations. Similarly, we show a strong decline in non-native richness with increasing distance to the road, especially at low elevations, accompanied by a strong negative effect of roads on native species richness. Most importantly, however, we show that the presence of non-native herbivores greatly increases the cover of non-native species away from the roadside, identifying herbivore disturbance as a potential catalyst of non-native plant invasion into natural vegetation of high-Andean protected areas. Our results confirm the often-shown role of disturbance as driver of plant invasions in mountains, yet highlight the interactive effects of disturbance by roads and herbivory: roads funnel non-native species towards higher elevations, while non-native herbivores can promote non-native plant success away from the roadside and into the natural vegetation. Hence, regulating soil and non-native herbivory disturbance is important for minimizing plant invasions at high elevation in the Arid Andes.

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