Constitutions and Democratic Performance in Semi-Presidential Democracies

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ ANTONIO CHEIBUB ◽  
SVITLANA CHERNYKH
Keyword(s):  
Primary Concern ◽  
Party Development ◽  
Democratic Performance ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Presidential Democracies ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
Legislative Effectiveness ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn 1946 there were three democracies in the world with constitutions that, on the one hand, required the government to obtain the support of a legislative majority in order to come to and remain in power and, on the other hand, established a popularly elected president. In 2002, this number had grown to 25. Constitutions with this feature are often considered to be problematic, and, given the number of new democracies that have adopted them, have received considerable attention from political scientists. The primary concern has to do with the potential for conflict between the assembly supported government and the popularly elected president, which may lead to unstable governments, policy paralysis, and the eventual undermining of the democratic regime. Concern has also been raised regarding the negative role a popularly elected president may have on party development and the ‘chain of delegation’ that in a pure parliamentary democracy runs from voters to government through political parties. In this paper, we examine the effect the combination of assembly confidence with a popularly elected president has on government instability, accountability, legislative effectiveness, and democratic survival. We also examine the impact on these outcomes of different combinations of presidential powers. We find that the introduction of a popularly elected president in parliamentary constitutions is of little significant impact and that the preoccupation with the specific powers of the president is mostly overblown.

Covid 19’s Effect on Mental Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1885-1889
Author(s):  
Raj Laddha
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

At times when we are faced with uncertainty, fear of the unknown, anxiety about a new disease, and what could happen can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions, not just in adults but in children as well. Necessary government guidelines, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. Though these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19, healthily coping with stress will make you, the people you care about, and your community stronger. This prospective study is aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate how the community can remain happy. The one thing which is spreading faster than the infectious disease during the pandemic is the negative energy, with total confirmed cases touching 1 crore, millions of people losing their jobs, and many losing their beloved ones. Awareness regarding mental health is a must. During this phase, there is extremely minimal knowledge about the impact of such epidemics on community mental health. This gap in knowledge means we are less prepared, critically ill-equipped to support communities as we face unprecedented times. In situations like these, all of us have to come forward. It is our responsibility how we handle this, our include both the government and each and every citizen of the country.

scholarly journals An analysis of the circumstances and factors that have influenced the development of Animation Industry in Iran in the 1960-2002 periods

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (SE) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Naser Golmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Animation Industry ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Iranian History ◽  
The Government ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

In the early part of 20th century animation emerged as a revolutionary way of making art. It evolved into a powerful means of expression and creativity of artists who could merge all art genres into one art form. The subsequent developments of animation have opened its diverse uses in entertainment business, education and political propaganda. This article attempts to examine the factors that have influenced and shaped the development of animation industry in Iran. It takes a historical view and investigates the impacts of changing socio-economic and political forces that have determined the functions of animation in the Iranian society. The study traces the establishment of the industry to the government-run centres, describing the pioneering role of artists who gave rise to the ‘golden age’ of animation in the pre-revolutionary Iran. Especial attention is throughout paid to the long and rich cultural and artistic heritages, as the thematic basis for indigenously produced animated films in Iran. The growth of the industry is considered in conjuncture with the expansion of feature films cinema and expansion of television networks. The latter is particularly important for the fact that it provides a secured market for a sizeable audience of children and young people in Iran. The study analyses the impact of the 1979 Islamic Revolution on the animation industry from a period of stagnation to a highly promoted and government sponsored artistic and industrial activity. In the post-revolutionary period, the industry was transformed from one reflecting the Iranian history and culture to the one that emphasises the Islamic-Iranian values and Islamic traditions; hence animation has become an ideological means in propagating the cultural policy of the state. Thus, animation has increasingly become a cultural industry assigned to supply growing needs of television and artistic works reserved for international festivals.This research is largely based on extensive interviews with animation artists and those who are working in the industry complemented with a sample of questionnaires addressed to both Iranian artists and foreign observers and participants in the Iranian International festivals on animation. The research methodology is also supplemented with the research on printed materials – very few and often descriptive- and personal experience of working over twenty years in the industry.

scholarly journals E-Government services in Moldova: Value and opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 347-358
Author(s):  
Mihai Grecu ◽  
Ilie Costaş ◽  
Artus Reaboi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Telecommunications Infrastructure ◽  
Technology Changes ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

Technological progress in ICT has created conditions for a new government paradigm - from a government that leads to a government providing services to society. Technology changes the nature of the connection between government and citizens: governance becomes more participatory and citizens' interests prevail. The impact of e-Government solutions is complex, on multiple levels, depending on the maturity of the models applied and the capacity of citizens and business to assimilate e-Government services. In a short time, electronic government services in Moldova have evolved from simple information services to integrated transactional services. On the one hand, this is due to high performance telecommunications infrastructure (broadband, 2G, 3G and 4G technology) and, on the other hand, to citizens' expectations that boosted recently and determined the government to accelerate the implementation of new e-services, increasingly complex and a better quality. The paper addresses the issue of e-Government services in terms of the value that it gives to the government and to citizens' lives and analyzes opportunities to develop e-Government services in the new technological and social realities.

scholarly journals The Indigenisation Policy and Economic Emancipation in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of the Zimunya-Marange Communities

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Zvavahera Promise ◽  
Chigora Farai ◽  
Tandi Roselyn
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Diamond Mining ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

This study sought to evaluate the impact of the Indigenisation Policy on the socio-economic emancipation of rural communities in Zimbabwe. A case study approach was taken focusing on the Marange and Zimunya communities in Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe, where diamonds are being mined. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were applied to get a balanced view from these two communities on their socio-economic improvement because of the mining of diamonds, which are a valuable natural resource found in these two communities. Purposive sampling was applied to come up with the sample of senior politicians and traditional leaders. Two Focus groups were formed in the two communities. The study established that the five diamond mining companies doing business in the two communities had failed to honour their pledges of contributing USD10 million each towards the development of the two communities. Only USD400 000 was contributed by two mining companies at the time of the study. Ninety five percent (95%) of the respondents reported that there were no projects that were being implemented to benefit the local communities. It was therefore, concluded that there was limited socio-economic empowerment of the Marange-Zimunya communities by the diamond mining companies. The study recommended the intervention by the Government in order for these mining companies to honour their pledges by coming up with empowerment projects and also by allowing the two communities to have shares in these companies so that they could be economically empowered.

A Comparative Study of the Relationship Between Time and Criminal Justice: the New Face of Criminal Statutes of Limitations in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-334
Author(s):  
Simone Lonati
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Limitation Periods ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Addressing the need to avoid punishing long past events that have fallen into oblivion, only to then come into play when the government, by means of proceedings, stages a re-enactment and thus a reminiscence of those events: statutes of limitations in criminal law are marked by an axiological ambiguity. The debate on their quomodo becomes particularly heated when the focus turns to the possible interferences between limitation periods and criminal proceedings. The discussion stems from the difficult attempt to balance primary and essentially heterogeneous interests: on the one hand, protecting the accused from the “punishment of trial” and, on the other, providing the criminal justice system with adequate time for prosecuting and adjudicating criminal offences as a way to effectively protect the interests harmed by the commission of certain crimes. Furthermore, there is a widespread concern to avoid instrumental conducts by the parties solely aimed at running out the clock. The matter is undoubtedly complex, as the issues and implications it gives rise to are multiple and varied. In an attempt to outline a possible statutory framework that may govern the relationship between the passage of time after the commission of an offence and the time needed for its adjudication, it may be useful to expand the knowledge base from which to draw upon in order to identify appropriate solutions: to look beyond domestic boundaries is, after all, good practice when faced with an impasse. This analysis aims to closely examine the choices made in two legal systems-Germany and Spain-whose legal traditions are the closest to Italy. Firstly, the study will describe the key features characterizing, in general, limitation periods for criminal offences. Subsequently, special attention will be paid to the rules governing the impact that the launch and dynamics of criminal proceedings have on the running of limitation periods. Based on the differences and especially the similarities between the respective rules in force in the two countries, it will be possible to formulate a number of observations regarding the provisions implemented by the Italian legislator. Lastly, comparing and contrasting the German and Spanish legal experiences will allow a closer look at the more recent reforms of statutes of limitations in Italy, to the extent that the latter appear roughly inspired by the principles applied in the aforementioned systems.

scholarly journals PENGENALAN PERPUSTAKAAN KEPADA ANAK USIA DINI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-172
Author(s):  
Lusi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Absolute Necessity ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reading Interest

Abstract: There are many factors behind why Indonesian people do not like literature, so the impact is the lack of interest in reading in Indonesia, especially in rural areas. Introducing the library as a means of information which is an absolute necessity of the community in the information age needs to be done. Awareness of the importance of this library should be fostered since childhood, therefore the thing that needs to be done is to provide adequate facilities / good for children's libraries. But before moving in that direction, the children's soul must be understood and what kind of information is needed by the children. Therefore it is necessary for the active involvement of various parties such as parents, teachers and the government to foster interest in reading early on by introducing the library early on. However, it is difficult to expect children and adolescents to come to the library without any precise effort and resources pull from the library itself. The lack of attention to the elements intended to extend the reading interest of Indonesian people, especially for people in rural areas.Keywords: Library, Early ChildhoodAbstrak : Banyak faktor yang melatarbelakangi mengapa masyarakat Indonesia kurang suka ke pustaka, maka dampaknya adalah kurangnya minat baca di Indonesia khusus lagi bagian pedesaan. Memperkenalkan  perpustakaan sebagai salah satu sarana informasi yang merupakan kebutuhan mutlak masyarakat dalam era informasi perlu dilakukan. Kesadaran akan pentingnya perpustakaan ini memang sebaiknya dipupuk sejak kecil, oleh karena itu hal yang perlu dilakukan adalah menyediakan fasilitas yang memadai/baik untuk perpustakaan anak-anak. Akan tetapi sebelum melangkah ke arah itu, harus pula dipahami jiwa anak-anak tersebut dan informasi yang seperti apa yang dibutuhkan oleh anak-anak. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya keterlibatan secara aktif dari berbagai pihak seperti orangtua, guru dan pemerintah untuk menumbuhkan minat baca sejak dini dengan memperkenalkan perpustakaan sejak dini.Akan tetapi, sulit mengharapkan anak-anak dan remaja untuk datang ke perpustakaan tanpa ada upaya yang jitu dan daya tarik dari perpustakaan itu sendiri. Kurangnya perhatian elemen-elemen  yang dimaksudkan memperpanjang daya minat baca masyarakat Indonesia, khusus bagi masyarakat yang ada di pedesaan.Kata kunci : Perpustakaan, Anak Usia Dini

scholarly journals Kualitas Pelayanan dan Kinerja Pegawai terhadap Kepuasan Masyarakat di Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Atap Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Eigis Yani Pramularso
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Integrated Services ◽  
Community Satisfaction ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Public Servant ◽  
One Stop ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One

Abstract - The government as a public servant continues to strive to make positive perceptions by continuing to improve community satisfaction related to the various services that can be provided. Community satisfaction is strived to continue to increase by providing the best quality of service and continue to encourage employee performance to be more optimal in carrying out their duties. This study aims to determine the effect of service quality and employee performance on community satisfaction in the One-Stop Integrated Services Unit of the Ministry of Manpower. The sample in this study amounted to 45 people where the technique was taken by accidental sampling. The data collection method uses a questionnaire given to respondents who happened to come at the research location. Data analysis tools in this study used a regression test with a validity and reliability test conducted previously. The results of this study are simultaneous and partial service quality and employee performance have a significant influence on community satisfaction in the One-Stop Integrated Services Unit of the Ministry of Manpower where the calculated F value is 19,042 and sig 0,000. Keywords: Service Quality, Employee Performance, Community Satisfaction

scholarly journals How Ballot Access Laws Affect the U.S. Party System

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 321-350
Author(s):  
Richard Winger
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Political Science Association ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Party Development ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
American Political Science ◽  
The Impact

Political scientists have long been aware of the relationship between American political parties and the law. That relationship began prior to the turn of the century when states introduced the government-printed Australian ballot, an innovation which required states to determine the standards for parties to gain access to that ballot. Those early laws set the stage for the later Progressive-inspired laws imposing on officially recognized parties a variety of regulations, most notably the requirement that the parties nominate their candidates through the process of primary elections. In recent years political scientists have supplemented this traditional focus on the historical impact of state laws on party development with a new focus: the impact on parties of decisions rendered by the judiciary, especially by the United States Supreme Court. It is this later development which inspired the Political Organizations and Parties Section of the American Political Science Association to sponsor a workshop on "Parties and the Law" at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Association. Three of the papers presented at that workshop are included in this issue of The American Review of Politics.

Funding Covid-19 Economic Stimulus Through Islamic Social Finance

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
Syed Marwan ◽  
Nor Razinah Mohd Zain ◽  
Engku Rabiah Adawiah Engku Ali ◽  
Mohamed Aslam Haneef
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Performance Indexes ◽  
The People ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Economic Stimulus ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented humanitarian challenge which requires innovative solutions. One apparent challenge among governments is to come up with appropriate funds to finance economic stimulus packages. Such stimulus packages are necessary for the protection and wellbeing of the people and to ensure that the economic operations remain intact. By looking into Islamic economics, various solutions can be explored as offered through Islamic social finance instruments such as zakat, waqf, and sadaqah, as well as its innovative solutions specifically available from the capital market sectors. This chapter explores the potential development of an impact-waqf SRI sukuk for funding economic stimulus packages, with special focus to Malaysia. This chapter proposes a solution in achieving such purpose by referring to the Impact-Waqf SRI sukuk, either based on temporary or permanent cash waqf structure. Returns of investments to investors ultimately depend on the social impact and key performance indexes (KPIs) as achieved from the economic stimulus packages. It is found that the impact-waqf SRI sukuk can be issued either by the government or government-linked company (GLC) and economic stimulus packages can be offered to institutional as well as retail sectors. An option can be given to the investors to waive-off their claims on the capital and returns. Consequently, the government can offer tax rebates or coupons which are equivalent to the value of the waived-off investment.

COVID 19 lock-down measures on Zimbabwean populace

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 797-814
Author(s):  
Olivia Gumbo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Short Message ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on Zimbabwean populace. The objectives of the paper were to understand the influence of lockdown measures on people living in Zimbabwe. The use of virtual qualitative methodology was utilised. The data gathering methods that were used are phone short message services, WhatsApp, telephone conversations with participants, virtual meetings with key informants and informal talks with some participants on shopping queues.  The results of the study are that COVID-19 lockdown measures had negative impact on livelihoods of citizens, brought uncertainties on youths’ future, confusion to school students and erosion of social movements. The paper concludes that COVID-19 lock down measures impacted the general public negatively more than the disease itself. It is recommended that the Zimbabwean government considers the impact of lock down restrictions on the most affected groups such as women, youths and children. The government should cushion the vulnerable groups with safety net allowances and consult them when developing strategies that can help them to come out of the shocks they are currently experiencing.

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