Research on the Individual Income Tax-Deferred Commercial Endowment Insurance from the Perspective of Fairness

In order to alleviate the pressure of the basic endowment insurance system, China has implemented the policy of individual income tax-deferred commercial endowment insurance (IITDCEI) and actively explored the development path of individual supplementary endowment insurance. At present, the same tax rules are adopted for different income groups. Considering that people's income gap is large, different income groups enjoy different degrees of tax preference under this policy, which may cause social injustice and increase the gap between the rich and the poor. Based on this, we propose a new optimization scheme by adjusting the tax rate and the maximum premium limit of the insurance amount so as to coordinate the interests of low-, medium-, and high-income subjects and balance the degree of tax preference among the three subjects. At the same time, we also change the two parameters of the predetermined interest rate and retirement age, and compare the changes of the tax preference under the old and new schemes, and provide corresponding countermeasures for the implementation of the IITDCEI policy.

INCOME TAX PREFERENCE AND R&D INVESTMENTS OF HIGH-TECH ENTERPRISES IN CHINA

This study explores the relationship between income tax preference and R&D investments of high-tech enterprises. This study selects listed high-tech enterprises in China from 2013 to 2018 as samples. The empirical results show that the effective income tax rate among high-tech enterprises in China differs widely. The findings suggest that high-tech enterprises in China have to take advantage of preferential income tax, pay more attention to R&D investments, and strive to improve R&D ability and market competitiveness. In addition, there is a significantly positive relationship between income tax preference and R&D investments of high-tech enterprises, indicating that the preferential tax rate policy and other tax incentives such as additional tax deduction increase R&D investments of high-tech enterprises effectively. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are enterprises in which the state has ownership or control over its capital. The positive relation between income tax preference and R&D investments of hightech enterprises is more significant for non-SOEs. Non-SOEs have stronger governance efficiency. Therefore, SOEs should make better use of income tax preference and improve innovation enthusiasm. Moreover, this study finds a more positive relationship between income tax preference and R&D investments among high-tech enterprises in the introduction phase than in the growth and mature phases. However, the relation between income tax preference and R&D investments is insignificant for high-tech enterprises in the decline phase. The findings seem to provide a new perspective for the life cycle characteristics of enterprises and the theoretical guidance to enterprises in phases of growth, mature and decline to develop R&D investments better. Finally, loss enterprises or enterprises in geographical units with the innovative environment are eliminated in this study to avoid extra interference. The results remain robust, indicating that preferential income tax policies applied in high-tech enterprises are significantly and positively associated with R&D investments.

Opportunities for fiscal stimulation of the family business in tourism in crisis

This study presents opportunities for tax incentives for family tourism business in Bulgaria. For this purpose, a study and analysis was carried out on dynamics of tax collection and amount of local taxes for the period 2017 – 2019. On this basis was made a sample of different types of municipalities in which tourism business is prioritized – sea, mountain and spa. The variation of the amount of tourist tax paid was examined in different groups. Tax preference options are available at the municipal level for businesses in crisis, by changing legislative framework, reducing or abolishing some taxes and digitizing processes.

Emission Reduction Effect and Mechanism of Auto-Purchase Tax Preference

As a modern means of transportation, the automobile plays an important role in people’s travel. However, the environmental and energy problems brought by the automobile industry cannot be ignored. Based on unique Chinese urban and new car registration data, this paper empirically analyzes the emission reduction effect of car purchase tax incentives, its spatial heterogeneity, and impact on car consumption structure using difference-in-difference model, regression discontinuity design model, and other methods. We find that the tax incentives can effectively suppress the emission of urban pollutants. The quantile regression shows that the emission reduction effect of the tax incentives shows a dynamic change characteristic of weakening as the pollution level in cities increases. In addition, tax incentives for the purchase of low-energy consumption vehicles increase the market share of small-emission vehicles and change the consumption structure.

The Development and Application of Charitable Trust in China

Charitable trust is a combination of charity and trust industry. The development of charitable trust started earlier in foreign countries and has been widely used. Charitable trust in China is still in its infancy, lacking legal support and a complete operation system. Problems such as unclear boundaries and imperfect tax preference system, and a complete public trust system has not yet been formed. But from a development point of view, charitable trust in China's poverty alleviation, pension and other fields have a high application value and development prospects. In this paper, the development status of charitable trust in China is summarized and considered.

Flat-Rate Tax on Ship Construction or Ship Reconstruction as a New Institution of Polish Tax Law

<p>At the beginning of 2017, a new form of taxation was introduced into the Polish tax system – flat-rate tax on ship construction or ship reconstruction. It should be one of the elements of support for the Polish shipbuilding industry. However, this solution has many disadvantages. First and foremost, difficulties arise from the interpretation of the provisions of the act introducing a new tax. In addition, the introduction of a flat-rate tax on ship construction or ship reconstruction resulted in the European Commission launching a verification procedure in terms of its compatibility with the internal market. These circumstances mean that potential taxpayers are suspicious of this form of taxation. It may turn out that this tax will share the tonnage tax fate, which was also introduced as a tax preference, and did not gain popularity among taxpayers at all and thus did not fulfil the function assigned to it. The purpose of the article is to describe the construction elements of the new form of taxation with an indication of the doubts arising in connection with its introduction. The article also attempts to evaluate the presented solutions.</p>

Tax and Legal Instruments of Protection of Ambient Air as Seen in the Example of the Thermal Upgrade Relief

Ambient air is one of the most essential natural resources. Its quality directly impacts the health of living organisms. Thus it determines the scale of public spending as a consequence of atmospheric pollution. At the same time, due to the properties of this resource, the problem of its protection has a transnational, global dimension. Therefore, states should undertake and constantly intensify activities the goal of which is to meet not only ambient air quality norms, but also those norms which will allow an effective impact on the improvement of its quality. Instruments and institutions falling under various branches of the law, including the tax law, are used for this purpose. A thermal upgrade relief was introduced to the Polish tax system at the beginning of 2019. The basis and principles of its application were defined in the personal income tax act. The paper presents substantiated use of tax instruments in the protection of ambient air, the legal basis and principles of application of the discussed tax preference. The conducted analysis gave rise to the formulation of de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions.