Technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-256
Author(s):  
Jagjeet Lally
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
New Imperialism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Diffusion

By the latter decades of the nineteenth century, caravan trade first showed signs of growth before entering a period of decline and reorientation. This chapter evaluates the causes of the relative and absolute decline of trade, focusing on productive and transport technologies (including railways, steamships and telegraph lines), the rapid development and diffusion of which were the hallmarks of the era of the New Imperialism. The impact of technological change was ambivalent, with the modern nowhere supplanting more archaic motilities; instead, the existing pattern of trade was undermined where new technologies interacted with wider economic changes, particularly the institution of protectionism in Russian Central Asia. This is examined by returning to three of the most important commodities flowing through the networks of caravan trade: indigo, silk and textiles.

Is technological change a devourer of jobs?

2017 ◽  
pp. 111-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Technological Unemployment ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Task Sets ◽  
The Impact

The paper provides a critical analysis of the idea of technological unemployment. The overview of the existing literature on the employment effects of technological change shows that on the micro-level there exists strong and positive relationship between innovations and employment growth in firms; on the sectoral level this correlation becomes ambiguous; on the macro-level the impact of new technologies seems to be positive or neutral. This implies that fears of explosive growth of technological unemployment in the foreseeable future are exaggerated. Our analysis further suggests that new technologies affect mostly the structure of employment rather than its level. Additionally we argue that automation and digitalisation would change mostly task sets within particular occupations rather than distribution of workers by occupations.

Colonial Conquest

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Jagjeet Lally
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
New Imperialism ◽  
The Impact

The final three chapters scrutinise the impact on Indo-central Asian trade on the conquest and incorporation of the Eurasian interior into the British and Russian empires, typical of the penetration of European political or commercial regimes into the continental interiors of Afro-Eurasia and America during the era of the New Imperialism. The advent of new railway and shipping routes, as well as the development of new and existing roads, was integral to this process. The result was the revitalisation of a range of routes criss-crossing and connecting the inner continental spaces and their greater integration into the larger world economy. This chapter surveys these developments, focusing on maritime and overland routes from India across the Arabian Sea, over the Karakoram, and those along the Grand Trunk Road through Afghanistan to central Asia.

2. Copyright 1: history, rationale, and policy context

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-50
Author(s):  
Abbe Brown ◽  
Smita Kheria ◽  
Jane Cornwell ◽  
Marta Iljadica
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This chapter considers the evolution of modern copyright law against the background of its historical development in the UK and the international and European legal frameworks within which UK copyright law has been increasingly set since the nineteenth century. It examines the rationale and justifications for copyright and identifies the general policy context within which law and policy has developed in the UK and the EU. It also highlights the rapid development of new technologies which has brought copyright reform to the forefront in recent times, the difficulties which this new environment presents for the copyright framework, and how the framework has developed to such challenges.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

1996 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 267-285
Author(s):  
FRANCIS W. RUSHING ◽  
MARK A. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Intellectual Property Protection ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Impact

This paper brings together the importance of intellectual property protection (IPP) and entrepreneurship in economic growth. The paper surveys the economic literature on what factors are important to growth. The focus is on recent models of endogenous growth which reflect on the role of investment, technological change and education. Secondly, publications, which measure the impact of IPP on some of the growth elements identified are reviewed. The third section deals with IPP and the entrepreneur as an important agent and facilitator of growth. It discusses the nature of IPP as an incentive in not only stimulating the development of new technologies and processes but also the dissemination of existing technologies. Using the surveys as background, short case studies for India and Brazil are presented on IPP as a stimulus and application of research and development. The last section summarizes the previous sections and draws some conclusions with respect to policy.

Mill Town Mortality: Consequences of Industrial Growth in Two Nineteenth-Century New England Towns

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan I. Hautaniemi ◽  
Alan C. Swedlund ◽  
Douglas L. Anderton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Connecticut Valley ◽  
Broad Objective ◽  
The Impact

Recent research has considerably increased our understanding of the factors associated with the American epidemiological transition in the late nineteenth century. However, uncertainty remains regarding the impact on mortality of specific changes ancillary to urbanization and industrialization in American cities and towns. The broad objective of the Connecticut Valley Historical Demography Project is to examine changing relationships between socioeconomic status, the rise of new urban-industrial communities, and cause-specific mortality trends during the rapid development of New England manufacturing. To address these issues, the present analysis examines two emergent urban centers in Massachusetts, adopting a micro-demographic approach to explore late-nineteenth-century and turn-of-the-century determinants of mortality.

scholarly journals The Impact Of Interethnic Harmony On The Stability Of Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Pulatov Abrorjon Masutovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Ideological Influence ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Parts

The article examines modern socio-political relations, the rapid development of communication and information technologies, the expansion of ideological influence, impulses to improve methods and means of communication, as well as criminal threats to society. The study notes that the minds and hearts of people in different parts of the world turn into a training ground for testing various ideas, in other words, an ideological training ground for training. It is also clear that the activities of fanatical political Islamists and religious extremist movements that try to disguise religion and undermine religious values are one of the factors that threaten the spirituality of our children. Despite its growing role in the global geopolitical arena in Central Asia, it is important to protect our country, which is a key player in the region in terms of population and territory, from stereotypes of religious fanaticism, to create conditions for citizens so that they can practice their beliefs, tolerance and views on interethnic harmony, further strengthening the centuries-old traditions and customs of our people.

scholarly journals Looking Up to the Stars. A Call for Action to Save New Zealand’s Dark Skies for Future Generations to Come

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13472
Author(s):  
Karolina M. Zielinska-Dabkowska ◽  
Kyra Xavia
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Night Sky ◽  
The Impact

The rapid development of technology coupled with humanity’s desire to reach beyond terra firma, has resulted in more than 60 years of Outer Space activities. Although the exploration of space has provided many advantages and benefits to society so far, including vast, new information that has greatly added to our understanding of our planet and beyond, unfortunately, mankind’s footprint has negative aspects that need to be minimised as much as possible. In recent decades, a major worldwide problem has emerged in regard to the significant increase in light pollution from ground-based illuminations, as well as a lack of proper regulatory frameworks to mitigate the issue in order to protect the night sky and astronomical research. More recently, due to the escalating demand of air space for microsatellites and the rapid development of these new space technologies, as well as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), a new problem has arisen connected to visual light pollution (VLP). New Zealand has been especially affected, as, because of its dark skies, it has the third highest number of astronomical observatories in the world. The aim of this research is to identify critical areas for broader investigation; an action plan to improve the impact of new technologies is urgently required, not only at a national level but also worldwide. This is crucial in order to preserve humanity’s right to access the night sky and to also enable continual professional and amateur night-time observations for the present and the future, as well as for New Zealand to become a Dark Sky Nation.

scholarly journals Distributional consequences of technological change: Worker-level evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205316801882214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kurer ◽  
Aina Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
The Impact

This paper explores the employment trajectories of workers exposed to technological change. Based on individual-level panel data from the UK, we first confirm that the share of middle-skilled routine workers has declined, while non-routine jobs in both high- and low-skilled occupations have increased, consistent with country-level patterns of job polarization. Next, we zoom in on the actual transition patterns of threatened routine workers. Despite the aggregate decline in routine work, most affected workers manage to remain in the labor market during the time they are in the study: about 64% “survive” in routine work, 24% switch to other (better or worse paying) jobs, almost 10% exit routine work via retirement and only a small minority end up unemployed. Based on this finding, the final part of our analysis studies the economic implications of remaining in a digitalizing occupational environment. We rely on an original approach that specifically captures the impact of information and communication technology at the industry level on labor market outcomes and find evidence for a digital Matthew effect: while outcomes are, on average, positive, it is first and foremost non-routine workers in cognitively demanding jobs that benefit from the penetration of new technologies in the workplace. In the conclusions, we discuss if labor market polarization is a likely source of intensified political conflict.

scholarly journals Distribution Characteristics of Indoor PM2.5 Concentration Based on the Water Type and Humidification Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8638
Author(s):  
Seonghyun Park ◽  
Janghoo Seo ◽  
Sunwoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Outdoor Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Characteristics ◽  
Ultrasonic Humidifier ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Indoor Pm2.5 ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

With the industrialization and rapid development of technology that can measure the concentration of pollutants, studies on indoor atmosphere assessment focusing on occupants have been recently conducted. Pollutants that worsen indoor atmosphere include gaseous and particulate matter (PM), and the effects and diffusion characteristics that influence indoor atmosphere vary depending on the indoor and outdoor concentration. White dust is a PM generated from minerals in water used for humidifiers during winter. Therefore, studies on the impact of white dust on human health and its size distribution are being actively conducted. However, since the indoor PM concentration varies depending on the humidification method and water type used, relevant studies are needed. Accordingly, this study examined the change in the PM2.5 concentration and relative humidity on the basis of water types and humidification method. It was found that the indoor PM2.5 concentration varied from 16 to 350 ug/m3, depending on the water types used for an ultrasonic humidifier. Conversely, when using a natural evaporative humidifier, white dust did not increase the indoor PM2.5 concentration, regardless of the mineral content of the water used. Considering both humidification ability and continuous humidifier use indoors, water purifier with nano-trap filters must be utilized for ultrasonic humidifiers.

The Psychological Impact of New Technologies: Anticipation of Stress

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (13) ◽  
pp. 811-815
Author(s):  
Charles M. Slem ◽  
Daniel J. Levi ◽  
Andrew Young
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Role Overload ◽  
Reduction In Force ◽  
Organizational Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Slem, Levi and Young (1986) developed a model of the psychological impact of technological change on the workforce. The purpose of current research was to investigate the relationship between stress and technological change. The “Impact of Technological Change Survey” was administered to workers in five large electronics manufacturing corporations. Almost one-third of the workforce believed that technological change would make the individual's job more stressful. Over 20% were worried about the future of their jobs. Anticipated role conflict, role ambiguity, and quantitative role overload produced the strongest and most consistent relationships with the global measure of stress. Qualitative role overload and beliefs about reduction in force were more closely allied to job insecurity stress. Anticipated stress is reduced somewhat when technological change is seen as providing personal and organizational benefits or when the organization is perceived as effectively dealing with the transition to the new technology.

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