Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Renaud Morieux
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Third Space ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
History Of

The prisoner of war inhabits a third space between friendship and enmity. This book aims at understanding this peculiar social institution, and the specific form it took in the eighteenth century. The introduction analyses the normative framework and its limitations, and posits that emphasis must be placed on how war captivity actually worked. It also argues that it provides a vantage point from which we can re-examine the history of the state at war in the eighteenth century. Finally, the introduction contends that two perspectives must be taken up about the war prison, both as an autonomous space and as an observatory of the society that creates it.

Moral canals: trust and social capital in the work of Hume, Smith and Genovesi

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigino Bruni ◽  
Robert Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
History Of

It is a truism that a market economy cannot function without trust. We must be able to rely on other people to respect our property rights, and on our trading partners to keep their promises. The theory of economics is incomplete unless it can explain why economic agents often trust one another, and why that trust is often repaid. There is a long history of work in economics and philosophy which tries to explain the kinds of reasoning that people use when they engage in practices of trust: this work develops theories of trust. A related tradition in economics, sociology and political science investigates the kinds of social institution that reproduce whatever habits, dispositions or modes of reasoning are involved in acts of trust: this work develops theories of social capital. A recurring question in these literatures is whether a society which organizes its economic life through markets is capable of reproducing the trust on which those markets depend. In this paper, we look at these themes in relation to the writings of three eighteenth-century philosopher-economists: David Hume, Adam Smith, and Antonio Genovesi.

Notes on Don Juan of Persia's Account of Georgia

1930 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
W. E. D. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Don Juan ◽  
French Edition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Persian War ◽  
Interesting Account

In one of the recently published volumes of the Broadway Travellers Series (Don Juan of Persia; a Shi'ah Catholic, 1560—1604, translated and edited with an introduction by G. Le Strange) is an interesting account of Georgia and of some of the events of the Turko- Persian War which endured between the years 1578 and 1587. The Persian account throws much light on the state of Georgia at the end of the sixteenth century, and it serves as a valuable supplement to von Hammer Purgstall's history of the war, based mainly on Turkish sources, and published as books 38 and 40 of his Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman (in Vol. viii of the French edition).Neither the historian of Turkey nor the editor of Don Juan appear to have made use of the material from Georgian sources which is available for this period, namely the provincial histories of Kartli, Samtzkhé, Kakheti and Imereti collated by Prince Wakhusht of Kartli during the eighteenth century, and published by Brosset in his Histoire de la Géorgie, 2ième partie, 1iere livraison, Spb. 1856.

On the Writing of Lao History: Continuities and Discontinuities

1993 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Stuart-Fox
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Object Of Study

The writing of Lao history presents peculiar problems, not because of the quantity and quality of sources available (though these leave much to be desired for certain periods), but because of the difficulty in deciding what is meant by “Lao history”. There is a problem in identifying the object of study. Is Lao history the history of those territories inhabited by ethnic Lao, or of the state of Laos as it has existed at various times under various names? The Lao have spread far beyond the geographical boundaries of present-day Laos: many more ethnic Lao live in Thailand than in Laos. Moreover the Lao state ceased to exist as a unitary entity in the early eighteenth century. What was reconstructed by the French nearly two centuries later and exists today is but a fragment composed of territories belonging to former principalities inhabited by diverse peoples, many of whom are not ethnic Lao. They are divided into three broad groups: the Lao Loum, or Lao of the valleys, comprise not only ethnic Lao but also upland Tai and account for about 65 per cent of the population; the Lao Theung, or Lao of the mountain slopes, speaking Mon-Khmer languages, account for around 25 per cent; while the Lao Soung, or Lao of the mountain tops, speaking Tibeto-Burman languages, number perhaps 10 per cent. The terms Lao Loum, Lao Theung and Lao Soung will be used to refer to these groups in this paper.

scholarly journals Critical Concepts of the State and their Significance for Russian Jurisprudence: Introduction to the Problem

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 122-138
Author(s):  
B. V. Nazmutdinov
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Political Associations

The state is for the most part a key political concept in the minds of lawyers. It is often "devoid" of history: they use the same term to name ancient and modern political associations (Polis, Republic, Empire, national state), without noticing the fundamental difference between them. The paper emphasizes the difference between "universalist" and "critical" approaches to the state. The former seeks to see the birth of the state in the second Millennium BC, trying to link the emergence of law with the emergence of the state. The latter emphasizes the historical contextuality of the emergence of the state — a unique social institution that appeared in Europe during the early Modern period. The state is a modern (modern) social construct, and its reality is determined not only by the presence of a certain idea in the minds of people, but also by stable, typified social practices. In the modern world, law is mediated by the state, and in many cases, it is monopolized by it. In this perspective, the history of the state is often inseparable from the history of law, and the theory of law from the theory of the state. The author of the paper adheres to the second approach and agrees that law is a phenomenon whose existence has not been determined by the state for a long time.The author presumes that for many reasons, the state continues to be a priori political category in the minds of lawyers who observe daily manifestations of power mechanisms. To denounce this "naturalness" of the state, critical approaches to the concept and origin of the state are necessary. The paper presents various critical concepts of the state: from radical political evolutionism to critical conceptual history.

PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY AND THE SCIENCE OF MAN IN SCOTLAND: ADAM FERGUSON'S RESPONSE TO ROUSSEAU

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAIN MCDANIEL
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Roman Republic ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
The State ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
History Of

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality is now recognized to have played a fundamental role in the shaping of Scottish Enlightenment political thought. Yet despite some excellent studies of Rousseau's influence on Adam Smith, his impact on Smith's contemporary, Adam Ferguson, has not been examined in detail. This article reassesses Rousseau's legacy in eighteenth-century Scotland by focusing on Ferguson's critique of Rousseau in his Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), his History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic (1783), and his lectures and published writings in moral philosophy. Ferguson's differences from Rousseau were more pronounced than is sometimes assumed. Not only did Ferguson offer one of the most substantial eighteenth-century refutations of the Genevan's thinking on sociability, nature, art, and culture, he also provided an alternative to the theoretical history of the state set out in the Discourse on Inequality.

Salt Land and State Monopoly in Manipur, circa 1890–1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Lalsanglen Haokip
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
The State ◽  
High Price ◽  
The Political ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Monopoly

This article explores the history of salt land in Manipur. Because of the scarcity and high price of salt cakes, salt springs were highly valued pieces of land historically. The Maharaja had control over salt wells from around mid-eighteenth century AD. After Manipur became a British protectorate, royal salt monopoly yielded handsome revenue for the State treasury. After the Palace Rebellion of 1891, road transport improved; and cheap Liverpool salt competed with local salt, which soon became unviable. When salt lost its scarcity value, the financial importance of salt wells collapsed and so did the political significance of royal monopoly over salt.

scholarly journals The Prisoner of War and the Eighteenth-Century Prison

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Randall McGowen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
European Society ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
The State ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Insight Into

Britain and France were at war with each other for over half of the long eighteenth century. This period of sustained conflict produced immense changes, in both countries, in the character of the state and the course of economic development. Yet one of the most obvious ways in which contemporaries would have encountered the war was in the presence of large numbers of prisoners of war held by their country. Early in the century there were thousands of such captives, and by its end they numbered in the tens of thousands. Renaud Morieux takes this neglected topic for the focus of his multifaceted study. These prisoners created challenges that were legal and diplomatic, as well as administrative and financial. The citizens of each country found themselves having to learn to live with captives of a nation with which they were at war. In a work that is both theoretically informed and exhaustively researched, Morieux offers fresh insight into the consequences of war for European society.

scholarly journals STATE MANAGEMENT OF OUT-OF- SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENTS OF UKRAINE (THE XX – THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY). PERIODS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kostenko
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
The State ◽  
School Education ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Education Management ◽  
State Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of School

The article stresses upon the fact that reference to the history of non- school establishments, their management, financing and staffing gives an opportunity to take into account achievements, drawbacks and prospects of this important social – pedagogical processes in the historical retrospection. The author defines seven periods in the development of out – of – school education state management within the period of the XX- the beginning of the XXI century. They characterize the activity of state bodies concerning promoting  the development of out- of – school education as a social institution of up- bringing children and youth. Besides the author single out their proper features and the main directions of the state policy regarding out- of – school education.Key words: out – of –school education, management of  out – of school education, state management of out –of –school education, period, state bodies

scholarly journals The Role of Science in the History of Portuguese Anti-Jesuitism

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Leitão ◽  
Francisco Malta Romeiras
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
History Of

When dealing with the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal and with the building of anti-Jesuitism in the eighteenth century, historians usually focus on their alleged involvement in the attempt to murder king Dom José I and on the complex economical questions related with the foundation of the state trade company in Brazil. However, the Pombaline accusation of obscurantism and scientific illiteracy also played a central role in the history of anti-Jesuitism in Portugal, mainly due to its wide acceptance and longevity. This argument was not only directly relevant for the expulsion of the Jesuits in the eighteenth century but it was also a keystone of the anti-Jesuit propaganda that eventually led to the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from Portugal in the twentieth century.

We Are The State We Seek: Everyday Life in Czechoslovakia and East Germany, 1945–89

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNEMARIE SAMMARTINO
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
State Socialism ◽  
East European ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
History Of

The study of everyday life has had a particular resonance for historians of state socialism for a variety of reasons. First, the study of everyday life promises to get beyond the notorious doublespeak and rosy scenarios of official discourse. Second, the history of everyday life makes use of the great boon of recent history: the availability of interview subjects. Historians of earlier periods can only look longingly at the surfeit of interview subjects available to those who work on more recent decades. While oral history can have its own problems, the works under consideration in this review largely use them to good effect to get at the lacunae and misrepresentations in official discourse. Third, the study of everyday life offers an important vantage point for understanding the vast majority of citizens who were not resistors and yet challenged the state in important ways. As Sandrine Kott has noted, ‘individual preference . . . constituted a third brake on the “perfect” working of the system’. Finally, the ‘interesting’ events in East European socialism are ones that are people powered, most famously the 1989 revolutions that spanned the region. The history of everyday life offers the promise of explaining the paradox of how supposedly stable regimes which experienced comparatively little open resistance in forty years of existence collapsed in a matter of weeks or even days.

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