Free energy
Keyword(s):
A critical chapter, explaining how the principles of thermodynamics can be applied to real systems. The central concept is the Gibbs free energy, which is explored in depth, with many examples. Specific topics addressed are: Spontaneous changes in closed systems. Definitions and mathematical properties of Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz free energy. Enthalpy- and entropy-driven reactions. Maximum available work. Coupled reactions, and how to make non-spontaneous changes happen, with examples such as tidying a room, life, and global warming. Standard Gibbs free energies. Mixtures, partial molar quantities and the chemical potential.