Performance of Calorimeter Systems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wigmans
Keyword(s):  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Line Shape ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Generation Mechanism ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Signal Generation ◽  
Pile Up ◽  
Different Types

The most important practical aspects of the performance of calorimeter systems are reviewed. Each aspect is illustrated with examples published in the scientific literature. One of the most important performance characteristics is the energy resolution, which is shown separately for electrons, hadrons and jets. The same distinction is also made for the position and angular resolutions that are achieved in practice. The time characteristics of the calorimeter signals, which are important for a variety of purposes (e.g. pile-up), depend on the signal generation mechanism (Cherenkov, scintillation). The e/h values of different types of calorimeters, as well as the effects of non-compensation in these devices (non-linearity, line shape, resolution), are reviewed. It is shown how calorimeter data can be used for particle identification purposes, and how the granularity affects the capability to recognize close doublets as such. The chapter ends with a brief review of the different tasks typically carried out by calorimeters in modern experiments.

Fluctuations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wigmans
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Shower Particle ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Instrumental Effects ◽  
Important Type ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electromagnetic Component

The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.

scholarly journals The Hydrosocial Cycle in Coastal Tourist Destinations in Alicante, Spain: Increasing Resilience to Drought

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Baños ◽  
María Hernández ◽  
Antonio Rico ◽  
Jorge Olcina
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Real Estate Development ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Residential Tourism

Tourism, and particularly residential tourism, has led to a change in the urban and demographic model of towns along the European Mediterranean coastline. Water as a resource limited and limiting for the growth of tourism is a popular topic in the scientific literature. However, the incorporation of non-conventional resources (desalination) has meant, in theory, that this limitation has been overcome. The aims of this paper are: (a) to identify the different tourism models existing in coastal towns in Alicante province and characterize them according to their water consumption from 2002–2017; and (b) analyse the hydrosocial cycle, highlighting the measures aimed at satisfying water demand and identifying the limitations related to these hydrosocial systems. To this end, different types of information have been processed, and various basic indicators have been analysed. The results revealed the increase in the resilience of this region to natural aridity and drought events. This was possible because the demand management and the use of desalinated water. However, this has generated other problems associated (energetics, environmental) due to maintenance of a non-sustainable territorial model based on an accelerated real estate development.

Global energetics of fast magnetic reconnection

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jardine ◽  
E. R. Priest
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Weakly Nonlinear ◽  
First Order ◽  
Weakly Nonlinear Theory ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Pile Up ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Converging Flow

We examine the global energetics of a recent weakly nonlinear theory of fast steady-state reconnection in an incompressible plasma (Jardine & Priest 1988). This is itself an extension to second order of the Priest & Forbes (1986) family of models, of which Petschek-like and Sonnerup-like solutions are special cases. While to first order we find that the energy conversion is insensitive to the type of solution (such as slow compression or flux pile-up), to second order not only does the total energy converted vary but so also does the ratio of the thermal to kinetic energies produced. For a slow compression with a strongly converging flow, the amount of energy converted is greatest and is dominated by the thermal contribution, while for a flux pile-up with a strongly diverging flow, the amount of energy converted is smallest and is dominated by the kinetic contribution. We also find that the total energy flowing out of the downstream region can be increased either by increasing the external magnetic Mach number Me or the external plasma beta βe Increasing Me also enhances the variations between different types of solutions.

Using Science-Based Guidelines to Shape Public Health Law

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (S4) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Zaza ◽  
John Clymer ◽  
Linda Upmeyer ◽  
Stephen B. Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Health Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Based Medicine

Compared to evidence-based public health, evidence-based medicine is a more familiar phrase. Evidence-based medicine has become increasingly popular in the past decade, due in large part to the emergence of computerized database search technology and advanced statistical tools which allow researchers to quickly identify and summarize vast amounts of scientific information.Today, the concept of evidence-based public health is gaining momentum and has grown in popularity. However, the term “evidence-based” lacks clarification and is subject to a variety of interpretations. The evidence that supports evidence-based medicine or public health may include individual experience, anecdotal information, the content of a single scientific article, or the results of a sophisticated systematic review of scientific literature. The imprecise language used to describe evidence leads to confusion over what types of evidence are most appropriate in answering different types of questions.

scholarly journals Different sterilization methods used for human tendons – A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes Farago ◽  
Blanka Kozma ◽  
Rita Maria Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Failure Load ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Durability Testing

Abstract BackgroundIt is important to know the biomechanical properties of an allograft. This is because when looking to do a transplant of a tendon, the tendon must have very similar biomechanical properties to the original tendon. To use tendon allografts, it is critical to properly sterilize the tendon before implantation. In past decades, several sterilization procedures have been used. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the existing literature to compare the values of failure load/ultimate strength and Young’s modulus of elasticity of different sterilization methods on commonly used tendon allografts. Five major scientific literature databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PLOS ONE, Hindawi) and additional sources were used.ResultsStudies used had to show a particular sterilization method. Studies were identified to meet the following inclusion criteria: is a controlled laboratory study, gamma irradiation (dose reported), and other sterilization methods. Search for publications dated between 1991 and March 31st, 2020. A total of 54 articles have been included. Data collected from the full-text assessment included: a) author and date, b) type of tendon, c) type of sterilization, d) sterilization dose, and g) measured and calculated parameters. Different types of sterilization methods used before tendon durability testing have been identified and categorized.ConclusionsIdentified sterilization methods (gamma irradiation, dry ice, supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), BioCleanse, Electron Beam) are offered as a catalog of potential methods.As a result of the broadness of the present research, it provides an overview of sterilization methods. It does not stand for the state-of-the-art of any single process.

scholarly journals El ḥiṣn de Almansa (Albacete): fortificaciones y poblamiento

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Jiménez Castillo ◽  
José Luis Simón García
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Don Juan ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Good State ◽  
Different Types

The ḥiṣn Almansa: fortifications and settlementsBecause of its spectacular location and its good state of conservation, the image of the castle of Almansa has been widely reproduced in publications of informative and even tourist purpose. The building is the result of construction, remodeling, plundering, demolition, blasting and restoration processes, carried out over more than eight centuries, although the current aspect is essentially that of the castle remodeled by Don Juan Pacheco, Marquis of Villena, in the fifteenth century, that camouflage or suppress those made previously, whether taifa, almohad or feudal. In this paper we are interested in the castle (ḥiṣn) of Almansa in Islamic times, but not strictly from the architectural point of view but its history as a central element that organized an administrative district or iqlīm. In this sense, Almansa offers very relevant research possibilities, because we know exactly the delimitation of its district in almohad times thanks to the Castilian documentation after the conquest, we have some data from the Arabic texts and, above all, we have of a very detailed archaeological information from intensive field surveys. Therefore, we will study the different types of castral buildings, fortresses and towers, as well as settlements –farmhouses, hamlets and shelters– in order to get information about the evolution of the modes of occupation and exploitation of the territory between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, which will be modified throughout the feudal period, becoming a rare case in the scientific literature to date.

Present status and perspective of dual-readout calorimetry for future accelerators

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (15n16) ◽  
pp. 2041012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Antonello ◽  
Massimo Caccia ◽  
Romualdo Santoro ◽  
Roberto Ferrari ◽  
Gabriella Gaudio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Cherenkov Light ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Hadronic Shower ◽  
Hadron Energy ◽  
Calorimetric Technique ◽  
Material Choice ◽  
Electromagnetic Component

Dual-readout calorimetry is a calorimetric technique able to overcome the noncompensation limit by simultaneously detecting scintillation and Cherenkov light. Scintillating photons provide a signal related to the energy deposition in the calorimeter by all ionising particles while Cherenkov photons provide a signal almost exclusively related to the electromagnetic component in the hadronic shower. Fluctuations among the electromagnetic and non-electromagnetic component of hadronic induced showers represent the major limit to reach resolutions needed in experiments at future leptonic colliders. In a dual-readout calorimeter, by looking at the two independent signals, it is possible to measure, event by event, the electromagnetic fraction and to correctly reconstruct the primary hadron energy. Applications of the dual-readout method in fiber-sampling calorimetry have been shown to be able to provide single hadron detection with an energy resolution around [Formula: see text], electromagnetic resolution around [Formula: see text], excellent particle identification capability, resulting in one of the most promising option for future leptonic colliders. Status-of-art of the dual-readout calorimetry, as well as, perspective in the developments toward scalable solution for [Formula: see text] detectors are presented in this paper. This includes, study on the material choice, SiPM readout of the fibers, possible segmentation of the fibers to enhance particle ID capability.

Dual-readout calorimetry

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (13n14) ◽  
pp. 1940019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Ferrari ◽  
Lorenzo Pezzotti ◽  
Massimo Caccia ◽  
Romualdo Santoro ◽  
Massimiliano Antonello
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Cherenkov Light ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Readout System ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Calorimetric Technique ◽  
Light Signals

We summarize the fundamental aspects of dual-readout calorimetry, a calorimetric technique able to overcome the non-compensation problem by means of two independent scintillation and Cherenkov light signals detection. The expected ultimate energy resolution for single-hadron detection, together with the excellent particle identification capability, makes a dual-readout fiber calorimeter one of the most promising options for future leptonic colliders. In this paper, we include the main benefits of a new silicon photomultiplier-based readout system that allows to sample showers with an unprecedented spatial resolution.

Compatibility assessment at oil types mixing for joint transportation

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
Антон Анатольевич Шматков ◽  
Наталия Владимировна Штонда ◽  
Юлия Николаевна Олудина
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Main Pipeline ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Transportation Process ◽  
Different Types

Транспортировка по системе магистральных трубопроводов нефтей различного состава, существенно различающихся по своим свойствам и показателям качества, возможна при определенном усреднении качества нефти в грузопотоках путем применения технологии смешения. При этом может возникнуть проблема несовместимости нефтей, проявляющаяся в виде аномального изменения показателей качества и физико-химических свойств нефти или интенсивного выпадения твердых отложений. В научной литературе встречается большое количество работ, посвященных изучению данной проблемы, однако комплексный подход к оценке совместимости нефтей при транспортировке по разветвленной системе магистральных нефтепроводов до сих пор отсутствовал. Авторами настоящей статьи предложен подход, в основе которого - оценка совместимости нефтей при смешении по критериям плотности, вязкости и коллоидной стабильности. Реализация подхода проиллюстрирована на примере пункта смешения, где формируется смесь из двух различных по качеству нефтей. По результатам анализа установлено, что оценка совместимости нефтей с учетом разработанных критериев позволяет сделать вывод о целесообразности смешения конкретных типов нефтей либо об их оптимальных соотношениях при смешении, исключив тем самым негативное влияние явления несовместимости на процесс транспортировки различных типов нефтей. Transportation of oil of various compositions with significantly different properties and quality values through the main pipeline system is possible with specific averaging of oil quality in traffic flow by using mixing technology. In this case the problem of oil incompatibility can appear in the form of abnormal changes in quality values and physical-chemical properties of oil or formation of heavy solid deposits. There is a big number of researches related to the examination of this problem in the scientific literature, however, a comprehensive approach to assessment of compatibility of oil in the course of main pipeline system transportation has not yet been considered. The authors suggested the approach, which is based on an assessment of oil compatibility during mixing according to its density, viscosity and colloidal stability. The implementation of this approach is shown in the example of an oil mixing station, where the mixture of two oils of different quality is formed. It has been found that the oil compatibility assessment with regard to the developed criteria allows to make a conclusion on the feasibility of mixing certain types of oils or on their optimal proportion during mixing, having excluded the negative impact of the incompatibility phenomenon on the transportation process of different types of oil.

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