Contributions of Calorimetry to the Advancement of Science
In this last chapter, some scientific discoveries are described in which calorimeters have played a crucial role. The chosen examples were all awarded a Nobel prize in physics. The first example concerns the discovery of the intermediate vector bosons (W and Z) by the experiments UA1 and UA2 at CERN (1982). More than anything else, this discovery has been crucial for the dominant role that calorimeters have played in the design of experiments at the subsequent generation(s) of particle accelerators. The second example concerns the discovery of the fact that neutrinos have a non-zero rest mass, by the SuperKamiokande collaboration (1998). This discovery inspired the development of the even larger water Cerenkov calorimeters discussed in Chapter 10. The third example concerns the discovery of the Higgs boson, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (2012). In all three cases, the role of the calorimeters, and their importance for the discoveries, is described in some detail.