Realizing Value

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-153
Author(s):  
Barbara Townley ◽  
Philip Roscoe ◽  
Nicola Searle
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Structural Forces ◽  
Collecting Societies ◽  
Licensing Agreements ◽  
Market Intermediaries

The chapter turns to the realization of revenues in the creative economy, illustrating how the economic value of intellectual property becomes identified and registered. Strategies include work for hire, direct sale, and licensing, often relying on market intermediaries and collecting societies. We illustrate how arriving at prices for singular products in an exchange can be difficult, either because of a lack of ‘equivalence’ or because creative producers must learn what needs to be taken into consideration. We also examine practices of valuation as producers try to maintain control of IPR through licensing agreements. We draw links between the structural forces identified earlier in the book, especially debates over creative labour and entrepreneurship in the creative industries—casualization, precarious labour, the oligopoly of corporations—and the quotidian activities of creative producers as they seek to realize substantial enough returns to allow them to continue in the business of creative work.

scholarly journals Creative economy as a tool of competitiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Jana Centárová
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Class ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Creative Industry ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Creative City

Creativity is a fundamental manifestation of human existence and is present in every human being in different forms. The creative economy is a natural environment for innovative ideas, development and exploitation of creative potential. Over the last two decades, it has been observed that creativity is gradually becoming a driving force for economies, and as a result the importance of creative industries is also increasing. The creative industry is increasingly becoming part of EU documents and policies. The governments of the creative countries gradually introduced the concept of the creative industry, the creative class and the creative city and their importance. The creative industry refers to those parts of the economy that create economic value on the basis of individual creative input or artistic talent. It is a sector based on the exploitation of intellectual property. The aim of this work is to briefly map the concept of creative economy and its measurement in the work of foreign and Slovak authors and describe the possible potential of this industry.

IP/IPR as a Market Object

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Barbara Townley ◽  
Philip Roscoe ◽  
Nicola Searle
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Artistic Creation ◽  
Collective Processes

The creative economy is driven by the transfer of property; tradable property is the ‘product’ of the creative industries. The chapter explores how intellectual property (IP)/intellectual property rights (IPR) function to constitute creative work as a market object that can be disentangled and sold. The chapter deals first with the performative role of law in constructing market objects. We examine how law, with its focus on authorship and originality, embodies a particular conception of solitary artistic creation, inherited from nineteenth-century Romantic aesthetics; at the same time, the law also mandates property rights as a means of constituting a market object, and these property rights necessitate a creator to whom they can attach. Both aspects seem highly artificial in view of the collaborative and collective processes that produce creative work and it becomes clear that creative producers have to manage this multifaceted, liminal object in the shape of the IP/IPR nexus.

Nobody Knows

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Barbara Townley ◽  
Philip Roscoe ◽  
Nicola Searle
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Creative Agency ◽  
The Social ◽  
Creative Products ◽  
Symbolic Production ◽  
Management Of Uncertainty

Creative industries are beset by a problem: nobody knows how work will be received. The chapter examines how creative producers manage the pervasive uncertainty of creative work. In classical theories of enterprise, uncertainty is the source of opportunity and therefore profits, with the entrepreneur the market agent willing to organize that uncertainty in pursuit of return. We show that risk and uncertainty in the creative economy are managed through the same processes of symbolic production as give rise to creative goods and creative agency, mediated by the IP/IPR nexus; as creative products solidify into market goods so the uncertainties are transformed—at least in part—into risks, and the management of uncertainty through the social relations of the field develops into the legalistic protection of IP rights and contracts.

scholarly journals Creative industries, Investment trends and their impact on the Economy and Financial Sectors: A study from Vietnam

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Phan The Cong
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Creative Industry ◽  
Economic Resource

Creative industries have been seen to become increasingly important to economic well-being, with proponents suggesting that "human creativity is the ultimate economic resource," and that “the industries of the twenty-first century will depend increasingly on the generation of knowledge through creativity and innovation.” The term creative industries, refers to a range of economic activities which are concerned with the generation or exploitation of knowledge and information. Development of creative industries will contribute to the awareness and protection of intellectual property rights and copyrights in the creative industry, in order to meet the WTO’s requirements on intellectual property rights. Government support for creative industries will help create a healthy competitive environment for businesses in the industry. It is important for Vietnam’s businesses to select a proper orientation and gain a suitable position in the global creative economy. The creative service sectors of great strength in Vietnam, which are also in need of investment are: design, art, education, tourism, performing arts, fashion, handicraft, culture, foods, and others. Additionally, empirical investigations in the present study reveal that creative industry indicators have a positive and significant influence on the economy and financial sectors. This study’s findings are highly recommended to government officials, economists, and anyone else working to make strategic decisions to achieve better economic results.

scholarly journals Intellectual Property Rights and Creative Economy; Way Forward for Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Danyal Khan ◽  
Rao Imran Habib ◽  
Attaullah Mehmood ◽  
Abdul Basit
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Need Support ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between enforcement of intellectual property rights and growth of the creative economy. Intellectual property based creative industries highly contribute towards national economy through trade, value addition, and tax revenues. Size of the global creative economy has almost doubled during 2015 leading it to the figure of $509 billion that was $205 billion during year 2002. It is worth noting that major player in global volume of creative economy are South Asian countries such as China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, and Taiwan. Major creative industries include software, pharmaceutical, music, cinema, fashion, design, art, culture, photography, publishing, and other related creative works. Creative industries need support of effective enforcement from intellectual property rights to pay incentive to a creator for its investment of expertise, labour, and finances. In absence of effective intellectual property enforcement and violation of intellectual property rights, innovation may go slow that affects growth of the creative economy. This research highlights potentials of growth of the creative economies in Pakistan in terms of intellectual property rights.

Creating Economy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Townley ◽  
Philip Roscoe ◽  
Nicola Searle
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
First Century ◽  
Cultural Economy ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Creative Products ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Sociological Studies

Creativity is at the vanguard of contemporary capitalism, valorized as a form of capital in its own right. It is the centrepiece of the vaunted ‘creative economy’, and within the latter, the creative industries. But what is economic about creativity? How can creative labour become the basis for a distinctive global industry? And how has the solitary artist, a figment of Romantic thought, become the creative entrepreneur of twenty-first-century economic imagining? Such questions have long provoked scholars interested in economics, sociology, management and law. This book offers a fresh approach to the theoretical problems of cultural economy, through a focus on intellectual property (IP) within the creative industries. IP and its associated rights (IPR) are followed as they journey through the creative economy, creating a hybrid IP/IPR that shapes creative products and configures the economic agency of creative producers. The book argues that IP/IPR is the central mechanism in organizing the market for creative goods, helping to manage risk, settle what is valuable, extract revenues, and protect future profits.. Most importantly, IP/IPR is crucial in the dialectic between symbolic and economic value on which the creative industries depend: IP/IPR hold the creative industries together. The book is based on a detailed empirical study of creative producers in the UK, extending sociological studies of markets to an analysis of the UK’s creative industries. It makes an important, empirically grounded contribution to debates around creativity, entrepreneurship, and precarity in creative industries and will be of interest to scholars and policymakers alike.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 176-190
Author(s):  
Barbara Townley ◽  
Philip Roscoe ◽  
Nicola Searle
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Cultural Economy ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
Craft Skills ◽  
Rights Issues

We have now completed our journey through the creative economy. Our concluding chapter draws together arguments and elaborates policy suggestions. We examine the value of IP/IPR as an analytical construct and consider how it adds to our understanding of contemporary debates over the creative industries. Our analysis of IP policy and attendant rights issues argues that any evidence-based policy should be based on an understanding of the role of IP/IPR within the valorization process as a whole. We also place our discussion of IP within the context of cultural and education policy, emphasizing the importance of cultural access and support and the development of craft skills that underpin the process of creating intellectual property. We argue both are crucial for the future of creative production and the cultural economy as a whole.

scholarly journals Creative industries and the IPR dilemma between appropriation and creation: some insights from the videogame and music industries

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Bach1 ◽  
Patrick Cohendet2 ◽  
Julien Pénin3 ◽  
Laurent Simon4
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Collective Process

Intellectual property rights (IPR) play a strategic role in creative industries. Defined as a collective process, creativity involves actors with contradictory IPR needs. This leads to an “IPR dilemna”. Firms are looking into appropriating creative work and prevent imitation; whereas creative communities need a weak IPR to combine past work and generate novelty. It becomes problematic for individuals to find themselves between these two. As a result, actors are developing specific IPR arrangements (e.g. open source and creative commons practices) to preserve the balance between appropriation and openness allowing creation. Two creative industries are used as illustrations: music and video-games.

Assemblages of creativity: Material practices in the creative economy

Organization ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Duff ◽  
Shanti Sumartojo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Heterogeneous Material ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Creative Practice ◽  
Empirical Analyses

This article questions the anthropocentrism of existing treatments of creative work, creative industries and creative identities, and then considers various strategies for overcoming this bias in novel empirical analyses of creativity. Our aim is to begin to account for the nonhuman, ‘more-than-human’, bodies, actors and forces that participate in creative work. In pursuing this aim, we do not intend to eliminate the human subject from analysis of creative practice; rather we will provide a more ‘symmetrical’ account of creativity, alert to both the human and nonhuman constituents of creative practice. We draw from Deleuze and Guattari’s discussion of the assemblage to develop this account. Based on this discussion, we will define the creative assemblage as a more or less temporary mixture of heterogeneous material, affective and semiotic forces, within which particular capacities for creativity emerge, alongside the creative practices these capacities express. Within this assemblage, creativity and creative practice are less the innate attributes of individual bodies, and more a function of particular encounters and alliances between human and nonhuman bodies. We ground this discussion in qualitative research conducted in Melbourne, Australia, among creative professionals working in diverse fields. Based on this research, we propose a ‘diagram’ of one local assemblage of creativity and the human and nonhuman alliances it relies on. We close by briefly reflecting on the implications of our analysis for debates regarding the diversity of creative work and the character of creative labour.

scholarly journals Creative Economy in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mikhaylova
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Class ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of a new creative economy. Creative economy is a special sector of the economy, combining activities related to intellectual work, creativity. The creative economy is based on intellectual work, generating income not only from the final product created, but also from trading in its results and intellectual property rights as opposed to traditional factors of production. In the creative economy, the kreatosphere is formed. The kreatosphere is a type of activity in the creative economy. Features of the products of the creative economy are the high added values created by intellectual effort. On the example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), accelerators of the development of the kreatosphere are highlighted: the development of educational programs, the preparation of creative, creative-minded specialists; support of innovation centers and investments in creative industries; development of creative projects. Keywords: new economy, creative economy, digital economy, kreatosphere, creative class, creativity

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