The Power of the Cross and Cruciform Devices in the Carolingian World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildar Garipzanov
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Manuscript Culture ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Early Byzantine

This chapter shows the unquestionable role of the sign of the cross as the primary sign of divine authority in Carolingian material and manuscript culture, a role partly achieved at the expense of the diminishing symbolic importance of the late antique christograms. It also analyses the appearance of new cruciform devices in the ninth century as well as the adaptation of the early Byzantine tradition of cruciform invocational monograms in Carolingian manuscript culture, as exemplified in the Bible of San Paolo fuori le mura and several other religious manuscripts. The final section examines some Carolingian carmina figurata and, most importantly, Hrabanus Maurus’ In honorem sanctae crucis, as a window into Carolingian graphicacy and the paramount importance of the sign of the cross as its ultimate organizing principle.

The Role of Jesus' Opponents in the Markan Drama

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-182
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Greek Drama ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Dream Narratives ◽  
Tragic Drama ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Arbitrary Fashion

Discussions on the possibility that Mark's Gospel may have been modelled, either consciously or subconsciously, on Greek tragic drama have gathered momentum in recent years. It has also been shown that a most important feature of Greek tragedy is the repetitive device of ‘foreshadowing’, a technique which has rightly been seen as essential to the development of mnemonic structures in oral epic. The use of this device in the Bible, it may be argued, is no less pronounced than in Greek drama. C. H. Lohr, in particular, has argued strongly for the presence of foreshadowing in Matthew's Gospel, and it is our purpose here to enquire whether the writer of the Second Gospel, too, was aware of this dramatic device. Matthew achieved the desired effect by means of dream episodes (Matt 1. 20; 2. 12, 13, 19, 22; 27. 19) and the repetition of divine names, especially ‘Son of David’, at strategic points (Matt 9. 27; 12. 23; 15. 22; 20. 30, 31; 22. 43). There are certainly no dream narratives in Mark's Gospel, and even the references to divine titles may seem to have been arranged in a somewhat arbitrary fashion at first glance. On the other hand, it can hardly be denied that we find in Mark's vivid account an inexorable drift towards death: the inevitable shadow of the cross falls across the text even as early as Mark 2. 20 – the disciples may not fast until ‘that day’ when the bridegroom is taken from them. And there is the hint of opposition to Jesus even prior to that! There is little doubt in my mind that Mark was keenly aware of the effective use to which the device of foreshadowing could be put, but his technique differs from that which Lohr has ascribed to Matthew. In true tragic style he wants to emphasise the inevitability of the cross as the omega point of Jesus' destiny, and to do that he uses not dreams or prophecies, but actors who engage Jesus in controversy or conflict at strategic points within the gospel story. It matters to Mark who these actors are, what role they play, and precisely when and where they make their entrances on stage. We shall thus be concerned to show, in the remainder of this paper, how the Evangelist treats the various groups of Jewish opponents as a literary device for foreshadowing Jesus' crucifixion.

scholarly journals “Jonah’s gourd” and its early Byzantine interpretations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-51
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kurdybaylo ◽  
Inga Kurdybaylo
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
The Bible ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bible Interpretation ◽  
Early Byzantine ◽  
Patristic Exegesis

Many modern scholars consider the Old Testament book of Jonah being written in a boldly parodic manner. The narrative engages many details that sound humorous for a modern reader. However, from the standpoint of late Antique and early Medieval patristic exegesis, it is often unclear whether Byzantine interpreters perceived such passages laughable or at least inappropriate for a prophetic writing. This study presents a few examples of early Byzantine commentaries to the episode with Jonah and a gourd (Jonah 4:6–11). None of the commentaries expresses any explicit amusement caused by the discussed text. However, the style, method, or context of each commentary appears to be passing the traditional bounds of Bible interpretation. The earlier interpreters adhere to the most expected moral reading of Jonah 4, but they use epithets, metaphors, or omissions, which produce the effect of paradox comparable to the biblical wording itself. The later commentaries tend to involve unexpected and even provocative senses. In such interpretations, God can be thought of as being able to play with a human or even to fool and deceive. What seems us humorous in the Bible, Byzantine commentators take primarily as a paradox, which they did not explain or remove but elaborate further paradoxically. The later an interpreter is, the bolder his paradoxical approach appears. The results of the study provide some clues to understanding how the interpretation of humorous, parodic, or ironical passages were developing in the history of Byzantine intellectual culture.

scholarly journals Análisis de la evolución constructiva de las estructuras excavadas en el yacimiento de A Cidadela (Sobrado dos Monxes, A Coruña) y propuestas interpretativas sobre sus "fases tardoantiguas"

2015 ◽  
pp. 69-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Blanco-Rotea ◽  
José Manuel Costa García ◽  
José Carlos Sánchez Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Global Assessment ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Marie Curie ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
First Time

Se presentan los resultados del estudio llevado a cabo en el yacimiento de A Cidadela (Sobrado dos Monxes, A Coruña) en el marco del proyecto Marie Curie Early Medieval Churches: History, Archaeology and Heritage (EMCHAHE). Este yacimiento comprende los restos de un recinto militar romano de los siglos II-III d.C. y sucesivas ocupaciones de épocas tardoantigua y altomedieval, todavía poco conocidas. El estudio presentado se basa en un enfoque interdisciplinar que combina por primera vez una revisión de todo el material generado a partir de las distintas excavaciones arqueológicas pre-estratigráficas y estratigráficas llevadas a cabo en el yacimiento, con la lectura estratigráfica de paramentos. En esta revisión se ha hecho especial hincapié en la reocupación del fuerte en época tardoantigua y especialmente en una serie de estructuras identificadas como posible iglesia. Pese a que se trata de resultados preliminares, los datos obtenidos permiten hablar de una fase de reocupación mucho más importante en todo este recinto de lo pensado hasta el momento. En base a estos resultados, se realiza una valoración del papel de este yacimiento en el contexto del conocimiento actual sobre la Tardoantigüedad en Galicia. Constructive sequence analysis of the excavated structures of A Cidadela site (Sobrado dos Monxes, A Coruña) and interpretative proposals on its "late antique phases" - This paper presents the research carried out at the archaeological site of A Cidadela (Sobrado dos Monxes, A Coruña) in the framework of the Marie Curie Early Medieval Churches: History, Archaeology and Heritage (EMCHAHE) project. This site, excavated through several campaigns since 1934 comprises the remains of a Roman Camp of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD as well as a series of further late antique and early medieval reoccu-pations. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines a review, for the first time, of all the excavations at the site with the stratigraphical analyisis of the standing walls. Special emphasis has been placed on the late antique phases and, mainly, on some structures interpreted as a possible church. Although these are preliminary results, the data already available indicates a more intense reoccupation of the whole site in this period than traditionally considered. Basing on these results, a global assessment of the role of this site in the context of Late Antique Galicia is presented in the final section.

Archaeology of the Biblical Period: On Some Questions of Methodology and Chronology of the Iron Age

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID USSISHKIN
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biblical Archaeology ◽  
Biblical History ◽  
The One ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter discusses the role of archaeology in the study of the biblical period and biblical history, with special reference to the ninth century – that is, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, in the land of Israel. This discipline is known as biblical archaeology. When biblical archaeological research began more than 150 years ago, it was dependent on the Bible and biblical research. The dependence of archaeology on the biblical text is symbolized by the phrase ‘bible and spade’. The chapter argues that the disciplines of archaeology on the one hand and history and biblical studies on the other are based on different methods and different ways of thinking, and also claims that the archaeologist should refrain from analysing the Bible and history. Furthermore, it contends that the proper methodology should involve some cooperation between archaeologists, biblical scholars, and historians. The chapter also takes a look at the archaeological framework of the Iron Age, which is made of stratigraphy and chronology.

Maintaining harmony across the globe: The cross-cultural role of closeness in interpersonal forgiveness

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Karremans ◽  
Camillo Regalia ◽  
Giorgia Paleari ◽  
Frank Fincham ◽  
Ming Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Interpersonal Forgiveness ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cultural Role

The Quranic Jesus: Prophet and Scapegoat

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-220
Author(s):  
John Ranieri
Keyword(s):  
Major Theme ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Christian Understanding ◽  
The Way

A major theme in René Girard’s work involves the role of the Bible in exposing the scapegoating practices at the basis of culture. The God of the Bible is understood to be a God who takes the side of victims. The God of the Qur’an is also a defender of victims, an idea that recurs throughout the text in the stories of messengers and prophets. In a number of ways, Jesus is unique among the prophets mentioned in the Qur’an. It is argued here that while the Quranic Jesus is distinctly Islamic, and not a Christian derivative, he functions in the Qur’an in a way analogous to the role Jesus plays in the gospels. In its depiction of Jesus, the Qur’an is acutely aware of mimetic rivalry, scapegoating, and the God who comes to the aid of the persecuted. Despite the significant differences between the Christian understanding of Jesus as savior and the way he is understood in the Qur’an, a Girardian interpretation of the Qur’anic Jesus will suggest ways in which Jesus can be a bridge rather than an obstacle in Christian/Muslim dialogue.

ABOUT THE PERIODIZATION AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE HISTORY OF TAURIC CHERSONESUS IN THE PRE-ROMAN AND THE LATE ANTIQUE PERIODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (72) (3) ◽  
pp. 127-148
Author(s):  
S. V. Ushakov
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transitional Time ◽  
Early Byzantine

Hundreds of scientific works are devoted to the study of the Tauric Chersonesus, but the problem of chronology and periodization of its ancient history is not sufficiently developed in historiography. Analysis of scientific literature and a number of sources concerning this subject allows to define the chronological framework and to reveal 10 stages of the history of ancient Chersonesos (as a preliminary definition). The early stage, the Foundation and formation of the Polis, is defined from the middle/last third of the VI century (or the first half of the V century BC) to the end of the V century BC. The end of the late-Antique − early-Byzantine (transitional) time in Chersonesos can be attributed to the second half of the VI – first third of the VII centuries ad).

The Role of Sensing Peptides in the Cross-talk between Microbiota and Human Cancer Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 1567-1571
Author(s):  
Anna Lucia Tornesello ◽  
Luigi Buonaguro ◽  
Maria Lina Tornesello ◽  
Franco M. Buonaguro
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
The Cross

Scripturalizing and the Second Amendment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosamond C. Rodman
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Children ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
Half Decade

Expanding beyond the text of the Bible, this chapter explores instead a piece of political scripture, namely the Second Amendment of the US Constitution. Over the last half-decade, the Second Amendment has come to enjoy the status of a kind of scripture-within-scripture. Vaulted to a much more prominent status than it had held in the first 150 years or so of its existence, and having undergone a remarkable shift in what most Americans think it means, the Second Amendment provides an opportunity to examine the linguistic, racial, and gendered modes by which these changes were effected, paying particular attention to the ways in which white children and white women were conscripted into the role of the masculine, frontier-defending US citizen.

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