Creating a Market Bureaucracy: The Case of a Railway Market

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
State Railway ◽  
The Eu

The EU expects European governments to abolish their old state railway monopolies and establish a market, with private companies competing for customers. We analyse the long process through which the Swedish state constructed a market for railway traffic in Sweden, by shaping such market elements as market actors; supply and demand; and the process of exchange, competition, and products. We identify extensive attempts at constructing and shaping market actors and organizing markets connected to the train transport market, such as the markets for maintenance and vehicles. The resulting market is similar to an elaborate bureaucracy, with a great number of organizational elements in the form of rules, hierarchy, membership, monitoring, and sanctions, in which the degree of organization is probably greater than in the former state monopoly firm.

scholarly journals The Trend of Scientific Productivity of Chinese, EuropeanUnion, and United States Universities and Private Companies: Does the Future Belong to E-Technology Companies?

Publications ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Mauro G. Carta ◽  
Matthias C. Angermeyer ◽  
Silvano Tagliagambe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Scientific Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
American Universities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
The Eu

The purpose is to verify trends of scientific production from 2010 to 2020, considering the best universities of the United States, China, the European Union (EU), and private companies. The top 30 universities in 2020 in China, the EU, and the US and private companies were selected from the SCImago institutions ranking (SIR). The positions in 2020, 2015, and 2010 in SIR and three sub-indicators were analyzed by means of non-parametric statistics, taking into consideration the effect of time and group on rankings. American and European Union universities have lost positions to Chinese universities and even more to private companies, which have improved. In 2020, private companies have surpassed all other groups considering Innovation as a sub-indicator. The loss of leadership of European and partly American universities mainly concerns research linked to the production of patents. This can lead to future risks of monopoly that may elude public control and cause a possible loss of importance of research not linked to innovation.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Yurii ◽  
Viktoriia Yuziuk
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Procurement Reform ◽  
The Law ◽  
Procurement Procedure ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the features of public procurement in Ukraine and their compliance with EU standards, the factors that affect their effectiveness. The problems of tender purchases that exist in Ukraine during the process are considered. The changes that took place in the implementation of procurement after the introduction in 2020 of a new version of the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" are assessed. A detailed description of Poland's experience in public procurement is provided. The number and types of contracts concluded during procurement are analyzed. The main existing shortcomings in the field of public procurement, ways to solve and improve them are considered. The key EU rules on public procurement to be used in Ukraine have been identified. It was established that it is important to bring the mechanism of public procurement in Ukraine closer to the EU requirements, which will allow our country to raise the issue of joining this organization in the future. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and problems of public procurement in Ukraine and find ways to overcome them. The main task of reforming the sphere of public finances in our country is to introduce an effective mechanism for the use of public procurement in accordance with the principles and approaches applied by EU countries, which should ensure financial efficiency and transparency of the procurement procedure. Public procurement is one of the tools to regulate supply and demand for specific publications. To increase the transparency and efficiency of use in our country, it is necessary to study the experience of EU member states, especially Poland. Analysis of the experience of public procurement in the EU will be able to identify effective approaches to their implementation in Ukraine, thanks to the main tasks of public procurement reform in our country will introduce an effective system in accordance with the principles and approaches used by EU countries. It is necessary to investigate the change that has taken place in public procurement after the introduction in 2020 of a new version of the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement", there are both positive and negative aspects that are due to the existence of corruption schemes in tenders.

scholarly journals Policy Instrument Supply and Demand: How the Renewable Electricity Auction Took over the World

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar W Fitch-Roy ◽  
David Benson ◽  
Bridget Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Energy Union ◽  
Eu Energy Policy ◽  
Rapid Ascent ◽  
Renewable Electricity Generation ◽  
The Eu

The selection and design of renewable electricity support instruments is an important part of European Union (EU) energy policy and central to the governance of the Energy Union. In 2014, the European Commission published updated guidelines for state aid that effectively mandate the EU-wide implementation of auctions for allocating revenue support to commercial scale renewable electricity generation. This article argues that the RES auction’s rapid ascent towards dominance is explained by a coincidence of an activist interpretation of EU state aid law creating demand for knowledge about the instrument and the emergence of a ready source of supply from a burgeoning community of a RES auction specialists and experts. Knowledge gained through EU-wide implementation of auctions further adds to supply of auctions expertise among the community. The implications of positive feedback between instrument demand and the growing supply of knowledge about an instrument reinforces the importance of critical engagement between policymakers and policy experts.

scholarly journals Environmental Technologies in Housing Construction: Investment Features

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1369-1375
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Environmental Disaster ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Housing Security ◽  
Investment Experience ◽  
Environmental Technologies ◽  
The Eu

In the present-day world, dominated by technological progress, humanity is beginning to realize the real danger of an environmental disaster, which can become a threat to the existence of contemporary civilization. This realization marked the beginning of the development of new types of economic activities that involve not only economic growth, but also positive impact on the environment and society. The use of environmental technologies in construction can serve an example of such activities and has significant development prospects because it simultaneously solves both social issues of increasing housing security and environmental issues, primarily the energy conservation issue. Based on an expert survey, the key drivers of supply and demand for investments in environmental technologies in the construction sector, as well as the benefits of implementing and using environmental investments, were identified. The article presents the investment experience of the EU countries in the housing development sector.

scholarly journals Domestic Ban Versus Border Rejections: A Case of Oman’s Fish Exports to the EU

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401882307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekar Bose ◽  
Amina Marhoon Rashid Al Naabi ◽  
Houcine Boughanmi ◽  
Jaynab Begum Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Exchange Rate Fluctuations ◽  
Adaptive Policy ◽  
The Eu

The decline of Oman’s fish exports to the European Union (EU) since mid-2000s has caused legitimate concerns among policy makers and exporters. However, the potential reasons for the decline have not been fully elucidated. To ascertain the underlying causes of such decline, this article empirically examines the relative significance of potential economic and policy-related factors such as border rejections influenced by health and safety measures, supply and demand capacities, domestic ban, domestic structural changes, and exchange rate fluctuations on Oman’s fish exports to the EU. The results obtained from the dynamic unbalanced panel data model for the period 2000-2013 indicate that fish exports to the EU markets have been influenced by the domestic ban on export, domestic structural changes, and exchange rate fluctuations rather than by border rejections. These findings provide important signal to policy makers of the respective countries in designing adaptive policy approach to address such influences.

scholarly journals How Sanctions on Russia Impact the Economy of the European Union

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Năsulea ◽  
Beatrice Nicolle Crețu ◽  
Diana Florentina Spînu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Crimean Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Although new sanctions have been imposed, to varying degrees, on Russia since the debut of the Crimean crisis, few experts are taking the chance of publishing an assessment of the impact these sanctions will have on Russia or the European Union. On one hand, the complexity of the variables involved makes it extremely difficult to predict the outcome of said sanctions; on the other hand, an accurate assessment would make an invaluable tool in the hands of decision makers, no matter if their decisions are made with regards to foreign policy, public policy or the daily business of private companies. This article sets out to examine the context, some of the variables involved and some of the forecasts that have been put forward by various experts, while trying to provide a simplified model for assessing the impact of sanctions enacted by the EU on its own economy.

scholarly journals Czynniki kształtujące ceny wybranych produktów rolno żywnościowych

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (3) ◽  
pp. 298-307
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Zaród
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Price Differences ◽  
The Eu

Price differences significantly shape trade and affect consumer behavior. Change in prices of agricultural products imply changes in food prices. Factors shaping the prices of agri-food products can divide into structural factors (for example: area of crops, consumption, import, export) and cyclical factors (for example: extreme weather events, exchange rates). The purpose of this article is to study the influence of supply and demand factors on the purchase prices of selected products on the EU and Polish markets. The main research methods are the econometric causal-effect models. In addition, trend models will allow to determine the direction of development for the prices of analyzed agri-food products. OECD, FAO and EUROSTAT data were used to this study. The results show the relationship between the purchase price of agri-food products and supply and demand factors and allow comparison of these prices in Poland and in the EU. Trend models have helped to set price forecasts for the next two years.

Are vaccine shortages a relevant public health issue in Europe?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Filia ◽  
M C Rota ◽  
A Grossi ◽  
D Martinelli ◽  
T De Graaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Vaccine Shortages ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background National immunisation programmes depend on an adequate supply of vaccines but shortages have become more frequent globally in recent years. Vaccine shortages can lead to missed opportunities for vaccination and a greater risk of occurrence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD). Methods The EU-Joint Action on Vaccination is a European Commission-funded project* which aims to strengthen cooperation between European countries against VPDs, including improvement of vaccine supply and preparedness. In this context, from February to May 2019, we conducted a survey amongst persons in charge of national immunisation programmes or of vaccine supply/procurement in EU/EEA, to collect information on vaccine shortages in the previous three years. Results Twenty-one of 28 invited countries responded, of which 19 reported at least one shortage, for a total of 115 shortage events. The median number of shortages per country was 5 (range 0-15). At the time of survey completion, there were ongoing shortages in six countries. DT/dt-containing combination vaccines, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and BCG vaccines were the most frequently involved vaccines. Supply and production issues, and global shortage, were the most frequent causes. Median duration of shortages was five months; 34% caused a disruption in immunization services. Procurement and purchase methods varied by country. Only half of countries have recommendations or procedures in place to address shortages. Conclusions Vaccine shortages are a serious public health issue in the EU. Causes are complex and multifaceted and more research is needed to understand the economic and market-related causes. Improved communication between public health authorities, manufacturers and regulatory agencies is essential. Procurement and tender mechanisms should be improved. In case of vaccine shortages, all countries should have procedures or recommendation in place regarding the use of alternative vaccines or vaccination schedules. Key messages Vaccine shortages are a relevant public health issue in the EU. More research is needed on the complex and multifaceted causes of vaccine shortages. Timely communication between supply and demand is needed and procurement and tender mechanisms should be improved.

Is social transnationalism fusing European societies into one?

2019 ◽  
pp. 255-290
Author(s):  
Ettore Recchi
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
European Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Present Book ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Eu

This final chapter steps beyond the bounds of the project and the data it provides, and asks what may now be said about a question raised in earlier rounds of the Sociology of the EU. Is the emerging social transnationalism outlined in the present book leading to something like a ‘European society’, and are we thus heading towards a fusion of national societies in Europe? Four critical dimensions are explored: borders, inequality patterns, social norms and practices, and sense of belonging. Findings indicate that since the 1990s: a) supranational and national borders have both become more salient; b) levels of income inequality and welfare coverage have converged within countries, but diverged between countries; c) significant social norms and practices are not shared by equivalent proportions of national populations; and d) one third of EU residents continue to see themselves in exclusively national terms, while the other two thirds feel only ‘mildly European’. The chapter discusses to what extent broader processes of the centralisation of power through the EU, imitation and transnationalism may have affected societal convergence, positing that it is the persisting nation-state monopoly of security and socialisation that fundamentally hampers it.

scholarly journals The influence of state subsidies on the development of organic agriculture in the Czech Republic and in the EU

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jánský ◽  
I. Živělová ◽  
P. Novák
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
State Subsidies ◽  
The Eu

The paper presents selected results of the research project NAZV QF 3278 focused on objectification of supply and demand development for organic products. The evaluation of state subsidies‘ influence on the development of organic agriculture in the Czech Republic and in selected countries of the EU is also included.

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