Reevaluating Constructivist Norm Theory: A Three-Dimensional Norms Research Program

Constructivist theories of norm dynamics offer a variety of analytical tools to understand the complex processes of norm emergence, diffusion, and evolution over time. As the literature has developed, though, it lacks a general framing of the interconnections between norms, norm clusters or configurations, and principles or “normativity.” This article advances a new three-dimensional model of constructivist theories of norms that emphasizes the spatial dimensions of norm meanings, legitimacy, and impact and identifies promising avenues for research progress. First, individual norms represent a primary intersubjective structural component that is both developed and contested. Second, theories of norm interrelations or norm clusters provide additional critical dimensions of structuration that may promote resiliency in the face of contestation. Third, norms exist within a larger constellation of norm structures, representing the broadest dimension in world politics. Collisions can occur in this environment, but broader normativity and institutionalization often become activated in the face of serious challenges. As demonstrated using the illustration of international responses to the Syrian civil war (2011 till present), only by attending to all three dimensions of norms can we gain a more accurate understanding of real-world circumstances of norm connections, norm collisions, and the variable effects of norm contestation. The article concludes by identifying promising research avenues building from the three-dimensional framework.

Content Marketing

The size of the Internet interaction allowed the customer to be part of the marketing of any product, product, services, or other organization. To this end, digital internal marketing promotes a customer-cantered perspective where organizations should focus on customer support and engage them in the value proposition process. An important part of digital marketing is creating value and consumer engagement in content marketing. The purpose of this paper was to provide a ‘content marketing’ test and to gain an understanding of the critical dimensions of this digital marketing strategy, with its basic strategies that companies can use online. The ideas expressed in this study have an impact on the content marketing strategy, as does the effective strategy for other disruptive marketing strategies. In the digital age, the value of digital marketing has increased from one year to the next as part of a marketing strategy developed by organizations of any kind and size. Considering that digital marketing requires the presence of content marketing, the success or failure of a company’s online communication depends largely on the quality of its content marketing. In this context, in addition to advertising high quality content marketing, digital advertisers must perform targeted analysis to tailor their content and select the appropriate method to promote it.

Literasi Digital Calon Guru Sains di Universitas Islam pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

The covid-19 pandemic has caused changes in learning patterns that lead to technology-based learning activities. Digital literacy in 21st century learning has become inseparable during a pandemic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the digital literacy of prospective science teachers at the Islamic University in Palembang during the Covid-19 pandemic with basic chemistry courses. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method by survey of 100 prospective science teachers in various science-based study programs such as chemistry, biology, and physics. The place of research was carried out at the Islamic University in Palembang. This study uses analysis consist of data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show 1) understanding of digital literacy for science teacher candidates in obtaining 80% theoretical understanding, 30% use of social media, 72% use at home, and 30% use for communication. 2) the description of Belshaw's digital literacy elements is shown with cultural, cognitive, constructive, communicative, creative and critical dimensions in digital literacy. Research conclusions: 1) The theoretical understanding of digital literacy for science teacher candidates is good, mostly for social media, home use and communication. Belshaw's literacy element in digital literacy shows a change in learning patterns towards the digital era on the cultural dimension. Acceleration of access to knowledge on the cognitive dimension. Learning platform that supports the constructive dimension. Ease of communication on the communicative dimension. Constraints in formulating new findings on the creative and critical dimensions.

Analysis of 8000 proteins and reduced carry over significantly increase the throughput of single-shot proteomics

In the field of LC-MS based proteomics, increases in sampling depth and proteome coverage have mainly been accomplished by rapid advances in mass spectrometer technology. The comprehensiveness and quality of data that can be generated do however also depend on the performance provided by nano liquid chromatography (nanoLC) separations. Proper selection of reversed-phase separation columns can be of paramount importance to provide the MS instrument with peptides at the highest possible concentration and separated at the highest possible resolution. As an alternative to traditional packed bed LC column technology that uses beads packed into capillary tubing, we present a novel LC column format based on photolithographic definition and Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) into silicon wafers. With a next generation pillar array column designed for universal use in bottom-up proteomics, the critical dimensions of the stationary phase support structures have been reduced by a factor of 2 to provide further increases in separation power. To demonstrate the potential for single-shot proteomics workflows, we report on a series of optimization and benchmarking experiments where we combine LC separation on a new generation of pillar array columns using Vanquish Neo UHPLC with fast Orbitrap Tribrid MS data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS). In addition to providing superior proteome coverage, robust operation over more than 1 month with a single nanoESI emitter and reduction of the column related sample carry over are additional figures of merit that can help improve proteome research sensitivity, productivity and standardization.

Laser Illumination Adjustments for Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Spatial Resolution Enhancement in Static 2D Chemical Images of NbOx/IGZO/ITO/Glass Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensors

In a previous study, a thin In-Ga-Zn-oxide light addressable potentiometric sensor (IGZO LAPS) was indicated to have the advantages of low interference from ambient light, a high photocurrent and transfer efficiency, and a low cost. However, illumination optimization to obtain two-dimensional (2D) chemical images with better spatial resolutions has not been fully investigated. The trigger current and AC-modulated frequency of a 405-nm laser used to illuminate the fabricated IGZO LAPS were modified to check the photocurrent of the sensing area and SU8–2005 masking area, obtaining spatial resolution-related functions for the first time. The trigger current of illumination was adjusted from 0.020 to 0.030 A to compromise between an acceptable photocurrent and the integrity of the SU8–2005 masking layer. The photocurrent (PC) and differential photocurrent (DPC) versus scanning length (SL) controlled by an X-Y stage were used to check the resolved critical dimensions (CDs). The difference between resolved CD and optically measured CD (e.g., delta CD) measured at an AC frequency of 500 Hz revealed overall smaller values, supporting precise measurement in 2D imaging. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has an optimized range of 2.0 to 2.15 for a better resolution for step spacings of both 10 and 2 μm in the scanning procedure to construct static 2D images. Under illumination conditions with a trigger current of 0.025 A and at an AC frequency of 500 Hz, the spatial resolution can be reduced to 10 μm from the pattern width of 6 μm. This developed methodology provides a quantitative evaluation with further optimization in spatial resolution without an extra cost for applications requiring a high spatial resolution, such as single-cell activity.

Workflow Solution for Positional Characterization of 3D NAND Channel Tilt/Shift

Manufacturers of the emerging 3D NAND market are working to continually add more memory capacity by increasing the number of layers in the device stacks. As the device stacks get taller, the manufacturers face many challenges for creating the devices with very high aspect ratios (HAR)1 such as those shown in Figure 1. In order to monitor and improve the processes, metrology information is required for 3D analysis of critical dimensions and tilt/shift relative positions of the channels through the device height2.

“Right diet for the right person”: a focus group study of nutritionist-dietitians’ perspectives on nutritional genomics and gene-based nutrition advice

Advances in nutritional genomics are intended to revolutionize nutrition practice. A basic understanding of nutritional genomics among nutritionist-dietitians is critical for such advancements to occur. As a precedent to the development and integration of gene-based nutrition advice, this study aimed to assess hospital-based nutritionist-dietitians’ perceptions of nutritional genomics. A total of ten focus group discussions (FGDs) with sixty-one registered nutritionist-dietitians (RNDs) from hospitals in the National Capital Region (NCR), Philippines, were conducted from October to November 2019. Data were collected using a pretested semistructured discussion guide, and thematic analysis was subsequently performed. Diverging perceptions about nutritional genomics were noted among the FGD participants. Five themes emerged relating to the enablers and barriers of gene-based nutrition advice: training and capacity building, the extent of information to be disclosed, cost, ethical considerations, and government support. Themes related to the desired features of the gene-based nutrition advice included being consent-driven, cost-effective, technology-oriented, and guided by standards. The results of this study suggest that training and continued learning will equip RNDs to provide nutrition advice based on genetic information. However, other factors, such as cost and ethical considerations, are critical dimensions that need to be acknowledged and addressed before integrating gene-based advice into nutrition practice.

3D Printed Integrated Multi-Layer Microfluidic Chips for Ultra-High Volumetric Throughput Nanoliposome Preparation

Although microfluidic approaches for liposomes preparation have been developed, fabricating microfluidic devices remains expensive and time-consuming. Also, owing to the traditional layout of microchannels, the volumetric throughput of microfluidics has been greatly limited. Herein an ultra-high volumetric throughput nanoliposome preparation method using 3D printed microfluidic chips is presented. A high-resolution projection micro stereolithography (PμSL) 3D printer is applied to produce microfluidic chips with critical dimensions of 400 µm. The microchannels of the microfluidic chip adopt a three-layer layout, achieving the total flow rate (TFR) up to 474 ml min−1, which is remarkably higher than those in the reported literature. The liposome size can be as small as 80 nm. The state of flows in microchannels and the effect of turbulence on liposome formation are explored. The experimental results demonstrate that the 3D printed integrated microfluidic chip enables ultra-high volumetric throughput nanoliposome preparation and can control size efficiently, which has great potential in targeting drug delivery systems.

Struggling with COVID-19—A Framework for Assessing Health System Performance

Currently, no guidelines exist on how to evaluate the performance of health systems fighting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Therefore, this study seeks (1) to develop a conceptual framework that would be helpful in the given context, and (2) to test the feasibility of the proposed approach. The framework is conceptualized based on investigating critical dimensions and indicators for the successful design of a method for evaluating the performance of health systems. Subsequently, the taxonomic measure of development is used and a correlational analysis made in order to run a pilot test of the proposed concept. The finalized conceptual framework has five input dimensions (demographical burden, epidemiological burden, health-related quality of life, financial resources, and access) described by 18 indicators, and two output domains (outcomes, productivity) described by six indicators to monitor system performance under the COVID-19 pandemic. The pilot-test conducted in European Union countries and the United States proved the model to be useful and feasible. The proposed framework can be used to assess the performance of health systems fighting novel pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, worldwide. Our methodological approach can be used as a benchmark for international agencies such as the World Health Organization in developing their own frameworks. The paper presents the first research exploring the evaluation of a health system during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has the potential to help monitor a health system’s performance during the pandemic by accounting for specific country-related circumstances. In a broader sense, it can contribute to boosting health market competitiveness in terms of quality.

How information technology capability influences organizational agility: empirical evidences from Indian banking industry

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight a precise investigation of the relationship between information technology (IT) capability and organizational agility along with the moderating impact of environmental factors on this association. Design/methodology/approach Pre-tested structured questionnaires were administered during a matched-pair field survey to collect primary responses from 300 business and IT personnel working in various public and privately owned banking groups functioning in India. The structural equation modeling approach has been used for data analysis. Findings The two-folded research findings are first, IT capability enables organizational agility (studied as business process and market responsive agility), while IT capability has more effect on market responsive agility. Second, the environmental factors (studied as environmental diversity and hostility) possess a significant effect on the IT-agility relationship and, thereby, suggest that a more diverse and less hostile environment is required for the firms to build up superior IT capability for realizing enhanced agility. Originality/value The authors have studied IT capability as a first-order factor, organizational agility and environmental factors as second-order factors and by meticulously examining their critical dimensions this study greatly contributes to the existing IT-agility literature. The derived inferences provide various implications for the bank and IT managers to emphasize on superior IT capability for generating enhanced organizational agility.