Epidemics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race Ethnicity

This book challenges a dominant hypothesis in the study of epidemics. From an interdisciplinary array of scholars, a consensus has emerged: invariably, epidemics in past times provoked class hatred, blame of the ‘other’, or victimization of the diseases’ victims. It is also claimed that when diseases were mysterious, without cures or preventive measures, they more readily provoked ‘sinister connotations’. The evidence for these assumptions, however, comes from a handful of examples—the Black Death, the Great Pox at the end of the sixteenth century, cholera riots of the 1830s, and AIDS, centred almost exclusively on the US experience. By investigating thousands of descriptions of epidemics, reaching back before the fifth-century BCE Plague of Athens to the eruption of Ebola in 2014, this study traces epidemics’ socio-psychological consequences across time and discovers a radically different picture. First, scholars, especially post-AIDS, have missed a fundamental aspect of the history of epidemics: their remarkable power to unify societies across class, race, ethnicity, and religion, spurring self-sacrifice and compassion. Second, hatred and violence cannot be relegated to a time when diseases were mysterious, before the ‘laboratory revolution’ of the late nineteenth century: in fact, modernity was the great incubator of a disease–hate nexus. Third, even with diseases that have tended to provoke hatred, such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, plague, and cholera, blaming ‘the other’ or victimizing disease bearers has been rare. Instead, the history of epidemics and their socio-psychological consequences has been richer and more varied than scholars and public intellectuals have heretofore allowed.

Testing Fate

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley Z. Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Genetic Disease ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Genetic ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Right

Testing Fate looks at the racialized history of Tay-Sachs in the US and UK in its construction as a Jewish disease from the late-nineteenth century through to the present era of geneticization, where people are increasingly expected to make the “right” kinds of medical-genetic choices, including the choice to be screened for genetic disease. Taking Tay-Sachs as its exemplar and with a view to exploring what these developments have come to mean for human agency, the book demonstrates that authentic, free choice in genetic-decision-making on one hand, and responsible biocitizenship in a context of exclusion on the other, are a contradiction of terms.

The Abbatial Election at Citeaux in 1625

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Louis J. Lekai
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Destruction ◽  
General Decline ◽  
History Of

The sixteenth century was a crucial period in the history of French monasticism. In addition to the causes of a general decline throughout Europe, in France two peculiar developments precipitated a nearly fatal collapse of monastic establishments. One was the commendatory system that spread over the whole country following the Concordat of Bologna in 1516. Royally appointed commendatory abbots, whose only concern was the collection of their share of monastic income, contributed much to the moral and material decline of the institutions supposedly under their care. The other and even more devastating calamity was the series of religious and civil wars during the second half of the century that resulted in the pillage and partial or total destruction of hundreds of monasteries.

Early Insecticide Controversies and Beekeeper Advocacy in the Great Lakes Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Bonnell
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract This article examines the debates that surrounded incidents of honeybee poisoning in the southern Great Lakes region in the 1880s and 1890s. Drawing upon the records of beekeepers and allied entomologists from Ontario and neighboring states, it analyzes the history of insecticide use, knowledge development, and risk calculation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Here, beekeepers emerge as an important and largely overlooked collective voice in the history of insecticide controversies, contributing as they did to legislation, education, and advocacy efforts on both sides of the US-Canadian border. Their actions in response to a cogent threat to their livelihoods mark them as early advocates for environmental protection. Deeply familiar with the amenities and threats of surrounding land uses for their honey crop, late nineteenth-century beekeepers pressed for prudent insecticide use and “bee-friendly” horticultural practices more than half a century before the more familiar insecticide controversies of the postwar period. By the turn of the century, these efforts had borne some success in reducing incidents of honeybee poisoning. As the frequency, quantity, and toxicity of insecticides increased in the early twentieth century, however, powerful fruit-grower interests left Great Lakes beekeepers (and their bees) to shoulder the risks of an increasingly toxic countryside or to fold their operations, as many chose to do. For environmental historians, their fight presents an early example of the effects of agricultural industrialization, and its associated environmental consequences, on minority producers and the animals they kept.

Willing Evil

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-322
Author(s):  
Henrik Lagerlund ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
William Ockham ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

In this article, I present two virtually unknown sixteenth-century views of human freedom, that is, the views of Bartolomaeus de Usingen (1465–1532) and Jodocus Trutfetter (1460–1519) on the one hand and John Mair (1470–1550) on the other. Their views serve as a natural context and partial background to the more famous debate on human freedom between Martin Luther (1483–1556) and Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466–1536) from 1524–1526. Usingen and Trutfetter were Luther’s philosophy teachers in Erfurt. In a passage from Book III of John Mair’s commentary on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics from 1530, he seems to defend a view of human freedom by which we can will evil for the sake of evil. Very few thinkers in the history of philosophy have defended such a view. The most famous medieval thinker to do so is William Ockham (1288–1347). To illustrate how radical this view is, I place him in the historical context of such thinkers as Plato, Augustine, Buridan, and Descartes.

THE INTELLECTUAL MIGRATION AND THE “OTHER WEIMAR”

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
NOAH B. STROTE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Weimar Germany ◽  
Jewish Heritage ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

These two books bring fresh eyes and much-needed energy to the study of the intellectual migration from Weimar Germany to the United States. Research on the scholars, writers, and artists forced to flee Europe because of their Jewish heritage or left-wing politics was once a cottage industry, but interest in this topic has waned in recent years. During the height of fascination with the émigrés, bookstores brimmed with panoramic works such as H. Stuart Hughes's The Sea Change: The Migration of Social Thought, 1930–1965 (1975), Lewis Coser's Refugee Scholars in America: Their Impact and Their Experiences (1984), and Martin Jay's Permanent Exiles: Essays on the Intellectual Migration from Germany to America (1985). Now, while historians still write monographs about émigré intellectuals, their focus is often narrowed to biographies of individual thinkers. Refreshingly, with Emily Levine's and Udi Greenberg's new publications we are asked to step back and recapture a broader view of their legacy. The displacement of a significant part of Germany's renowned intelligentsia to the US in the mid-twentieth century remains one of the major events in the intellectual history of both countries.

scholarly journals جليل الكلام ودقيقه لدى الشيعة الإمامية قبل بداية فترة الغيبة الكبرى

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Mosaab Elkhair Edris
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Foundations ◽  
History Of Theology ◽  
The One ◽  
Theological Thought ◽  
Cross Fertilization

This study would serve as sequel to the views of the Imami theologian Hisham bin al-hakam on Jalil al-Kalam and Daqiq al-Kalam by explaining the theological views of Zurarah bin Aʻyun, Abu Jaʻfar al-Ahwal, al-Fadl ibn Shazan and Banu Nubakht; it will focus on their known writings, explicating their available theological views as far as possible, on the basis of Sunni and Shi’ite sources in the context of the history of theology. The objective behind that is to explain the theological trends that emerged in the history of the Twelver Imamite community, their connections; this would, first of all, provide knowledge of the intellectual foundations of the Twelver theology, which reached its pinnacle at the hands of the theologians of the fifth century AH beginning with Shaykh al-Mufid bin Muhammad bin al-Nuʻman al-ʻAkbari al-Baghdadi. Secondly, this study would provide an understanding of the relational basis between the Twelver and the Mutazilite theological thought. I think that it is the result of a mutual cross-fertilization on the one hand, while on the other since they both derive from the same sources, they lead to similar results. It is not a case of Shi’ite subservience to a predominant Mutazilite influence because the Twelver Shi’ite theologian was conscious of his requirements in support of his doctrine, which revolves around the issue of the Imamah in Jalil al-Kalam and Daqiq al-Kalam alike. In addition, this study will also identify the real origins of the idea of limiting the imamate to twelve imams, ending with the consideration of the early Imamite scholars through which they established their arguments against their opponents in their writings and debates. This is all the more important since the titles of the Shi’ite Imami writings and from what is quoted in their debates on the issue of Imamate, do not point to the imamate of only twelve imams, as the history of the Imami Thought depicts and which starts with the period of the Minor Occultation, which lasted about 70 years from 260 to 329 AH. KeywordsImami Shiʻites, Jalil al-Kalam, Daqiq al-Kalam, Major Occultation

Australian Fiction, the 1980s, and the US Trade Paperback

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Birns
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
Publication History ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
Pluralistic World

The emergence of the trade paperback in the 1980s crucially transformed the way in which Australian literature was received in North America. The publication history of Patrick White on the one hand and Glenda Adams and Peter Carey on the other shows how younger writers actually made more of a cultural impact, despite White’s Nobel Prize, because the form in which they met the reading public was one freed from the modernist binary between high and low culture. The 1980s saw the emergence of a more globalized and more culturally pluralistic world—though also one much more pervaded by multinational capital—in which Australian writers flourished.

The Genoese in Seville and the Opening of the New World

1962 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Pike
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old World ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
History Of ◽  
Subsequent Opening

The turning point in the history of the Genoese merchants in Spain was the discovery of America and the subsequent opening of trading relations with the new continent. From then on, their ascent to economic predominance in Spain paralleled that nation's emergence as the dominant power of the sixteenth-century world. Fortune gave Spain two empires simultaneously, one in the Old World, the other in the New. Spain's unpreparedness for imperial responsibilities, particularly in the economic sphere, was the springboard for Genoese advancement. Strengthening and enlarging their colony in Seville —after 1503 the “door and port of the Indies” —the Genoese prepared to move across the Atlantic in the wake of Columbus.

scholarly journals Federal Statistical Confidentiality and Business Data: Twentieth Century Challenges and Continuing Issues

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margo J. Anderson ◽  
William Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Executive Branch ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Statistical System ◽  
The Us ◽  
Federal Statistical ◽  
History Of ◽  
Statistical Agencies ◽  
Business Data

The roots of the modern concept of statistical confidentiality in the US federal statistical system can be traced directly back to the late nineteenth century efforts of statisticians to ensure full and accurate responses by businesses to statistical inquiries. Officials argued that such confidentiality guarantees were needed to ensure that the providers of enterprise and establishment data could be confident that the statistical agencies could not be forced to share their responses with others, such as regulatory or tax authorities, congressional investigators, prying journalists, and competitors, who might use this information to the detriment of the data provider. Nevertheless, over the years, the principle of statistical confidentiality with respect to information provided by businesses in statistical inquiries has been repeatedly challenged by other executive branch departments, independent regulatory agencies, the courts, Congress, and members of the public, with quite varied results. The paper uses the published record and archival research to examine the history of challenges to statistical confidentiality, and the responses of the statistical agencies, the federal statistical system as a whole, including the office of the chief statistician in OMB (and its predecessors), executive department and independent non-statistical agencies, the courts, and Congress as well as representatives of the business community. Long-term trends and the implications for maintaining and strengthening the confidentiality protections for establishment- and enterprise-level business data provided to federal agencies for statistical purposes are discussed.

scholarly journals Too Good To Be Forgotten

2017 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Claudy Op den Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copyright Holder ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Film archives own, or hold on deposit, many physical works of film, whereas the copyright holder to these might be someone quite different. The colourisation debate of the late 1980s in the US and Als twee druppels water (The Spitting Image, NL 1963, Fons Rademakers), an embargoed film in a public-sector archive, are both examples of this copyright dichotomy between material and intellectual property. The examples expose the archive as a vulnerable place. On the one hand, the archive cannot guarantee a fixed and stable environment for cinematic memories. On the other hand, an inhibited visibility of important works of film that are arguably crucial to an understanding of the history of film is the result if a film archive cannot provide access to its holdings. The examples provide new insights into the wider cultural implications of the intellectual property (IP) system. They demonstrate how IP underpins understandings of public accessibility to (a limited range of) primary source material and their subsequent potential for history making.

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