Grammar and Ontology

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-36
Author(s):  
David Egan
Keyword(s):  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ontological Difference ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Philosophical Questions ◽  
Empirical Investigations

Wittgenstein characterizes his investigations as ‘grammatical’ and emphasizes their difference from factual or empirical investigations. In particular, he claims, philosophical confusion arises when we regard philosophical questions as questions of fact. Wittgenstein’s emphasis on keeping distinct grammatical and factual investigations echoes Heidegger’s emphasis on what he calls the ‘ontological difference’, namely the distinction between ontic investigations of beings and ontological investigations of being. For both philosophers, keeping their investigations distinct from factual investigations means that they understand themselves not to be discovering and expressing novel truths but to be retrieving and clarifying an understanding that we already have. And for both of them, this retrieval calls for a careful examination of our everyday practices.

Microstructural Variations in Melt-Spun Rapidly Solidified Ribbons

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
L. A. Bendersky ◽  
W. J. Boettinger
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Solid State Reactions ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Wheel Side ◽  
Rapidly Solidified ◽  
Heat Extraction Rate

Rapid solidification produces a wide variety of sub-micron scale microstructure. Generally, the microstructure depends on the imposed melt undercooling and heat extraction rate. The microstructure can vary strongly not only due to processing parameters changes but also during the process itself, as a result of recalescence. Hence, careful examination of different locations in rapidly solidified products should be performed. Additionally, post-solidification solid-state reactions can alter the microstructure.The objective of the present work is to demonstrate the strong microstructural changes in different regions of melt-spun ribbon for three different alloys. The locations of the analyzed structures were near the wheel side (W) and near the center (C) of the ribbons. The TEM specimens were prepared by selective electropolishing or ion milling.

Crystal structure-size relationship in ultrafine metallic particles

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 266-267
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Lattice Defects ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Seeded Growth ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Interfacial Structures ◽  
Typical Particle ◽  
Many Particles

Ultrafine particles usually have unique physical properties. This study illustrates how the lattice defects and interfacial structures between particles are related to the size of ultrafine crystalline gold particles.Colloidal gold particles were produced by reducing gold chloride with sodium citrate at 100°C. In this process, particle size can be controlled by changing the concentration of the reactant. TEM samples are prepared by transferring a small amount of solution onto a thin (5 nm) carbon film which is suspended on a copper grid. In this work, all experiments were performed with Philips 430T at 300 kV.With controlled seeded growth, particles of different sizes are produced, as shown in Figure 1. By a careful examination, it can be resolved that very small particles have lattice defects with complex interfaces. Some typical particle structures include multiple twins, resulting in a five-fold symmetry bicrystals, and highly disordered regions. Many particles are too complex to be described by simple models.

The Complexity of Health Disparities: More Than Just Black–White Differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Charles Ellis ◽  
Molly Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Language Pathology

Health disparities have once again moved to the forefront of America's consciousness with the recent significant observation of dramatically higher death rates among African Americans with COVID-19 when compared to White Americans. Health disparities have a long history in the United States, yet little consideration has been given to their impact on the clinical outcomes in the rehabilitative health professions such as speech-language pathology/audiology (SLP/A). Consequently, it is unclear how the absence of a careful examination of health disparities in fields like SLP/A impacts the clinical outcomes desired or achieved. The purpose of this tutorial is to examine the issue of health disparities in relationship to SLP/A. This tutorial includes operational definitions related to health disparities and a review of the social determinants of health that are the underlying cause of such disparities. The tutorial concludes with a discussion of potential directions for the study of health disparities in SLP/A to identify strategies to close the disparity gap in health-related outcomes that currently exists.

Investigation into Cigarette Smoking and Atmospheric Pollution in the Aetiology of Lung Cancer

1963 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Doll
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Smoking Habits ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Ancillary Data

The evidence that cigarette smoking and atmospheric pcllution are causes of lung cancer is largely statistical. The first evidence was indirect; that is, i1. was noticed that in many countries the incidence of lung cancer had increased and that the increase could be correlated with changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking and of certain types of atmospheric pollution.Since then much direct evidence has been obtained. The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been demonstrated retrospectively by comparing the smoking habits of patients with and without lung cancer and prospectively by observing the mortality from lung cancer in groups of persons of known smoking habits. Conclusions can be drawn from these studies only after careful examination of the results. In particular it is important in retrospective studies to test a) the reproducibility of the data, b) the representativeness of the data, and c) the comparability of the special series and their controls. The resul1.s of retrospective studies are all similar and all show a close relationship between cigarette smoking and the disease.The results have been confirmed by pro~pective studies which are lesF. open to bias. The results can be explained if cigarette smoking causes lung cancer or if both are related to some third common factor. Ancillary data (pathological changes in the bronchial mucosa, animal experiments, etc.) support the causal hypothesis.The evidence relating to atmospheric pollution is less definite and it is difficult to get direct evidence of a relationship in the individual. It is clear that pollution has little effect in the absence of smoking, but the mortality associated with a given amount of smoking is generally greater in large towns than in the countryside and among men who have emigrated from Britain than among men who have lived all their lives in less polluted countries.

Pre-Linnaean pictures of the secretarybird, Sagittarius serpentarius (J. F. )

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAGNAR K. KINZELBACH
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Family ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Sub Saharan

The secretarybird, the only species of the family Sagittariidae (Falconiformes), inhabits all of sub-Saharan Africa except the rain forests. Secretarybird, its vernacular name in many languages, may be derived from the Arabic “saqr at-tair”, “falcon of the hunt”, which found its way into French during the crusades. From the same period are two drawings of a “bistarda deserti” in a codex by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250). The original sketch obviously, together with other information on birds, came from the court of Sultan al-Kâmil (1180–1238) in Cairo. Careful examination led to an interpretation as Sagittarius serpentarius. Two archaeological sources and one nineteenth century observation strengthened the idea of a former occurrence of the secretarybird in the Egyptian Nile valley. André Thevet (1502–1590), a French cleric and reliable research traveller, described and depicted in 1558 a strange bird, named “Pa” in Persian language, from what he called Madagascar. The woodcut is identified as Sagittarius serpentarius. The text reveals East Africa as the real home of this bird, associated there among others with elephants. From there raises a connection to the tales of the fabulous roc, which feeds its offspring with elephants, ending up in the vernacular name of the extinct Madagascar ostrich as elephantbird.

Rethinking the Agency of Women in the Shea Industry

Politeia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiba Yayah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Home Based

The agency of women in most African countries is often affected by the socio-economic and political policies that are almost always disadvantageous to women, especially women who have little to no knowledge of their rights. Using the shea industry in Ghana as a case study, I chronicle the challenges as recounted by rural women involved in this home-based work in the Northern Region of Ghana and critically analyse these challenges and their implications. Focusing mainly on the results of my recent field work, I present some of the accounts relating to the lack and exclusion of recognition of and respect for the experiences of rural women who are in fact the linchpin of the shea industry in Ghana. Initiatives and strategies of non-governmental organisations and some governmental policies have attempted to address these challenges that have implications for the livelihoods of rural women. Research and policies have only offered “band-aid solutions” to the economic disempowerment of rural women in the shea industry in Ghana as they have not dealt with the causes. This article seeks to refute the claim that equity exists by indicating the lack of equity and justice in the policies in the shea industry. In an attempt to provide an understanding of the economic disempowerment of women in this industry, I consider my field work as a good source as it exposes the experiences and everyday practices as narrated by rural women in the industry. This article seeks to analyse the existing discourses especially those pertaining to the contributions and experiences of rural women in the shea industry.

Der Begriff ,Austrag‘ als Bestimmung des Seins bei Martin Heidegger

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-216
Author(s):  
Ales Novák
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
Ontological Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In the late 1950sHeidegger revived the notion of the ,ontological difference‘, which he considered to be the constitution for the meaning of both ,being‘ (Sein) and the ,entity‘ (Seiendes). The unifying process of this constitution bore the name ,discharge‘ (Austrag) and expressed the dynamic, static, and generic features of ,being‘. But even this new description means only the designation for the primordial unconcealedness (Unverborgenheit), which according to Heidegger is the ,matter of thinking‘ (Sache des Denkens). And again, Heidegger brings just another notion to express that the ,nearness‘ as the comprising meaning of presence (Anwesen) is the true name for ,world‘. Thus, Heideggers notions for ,being‘ as presence, ,staying dwelling‘, ,enowing‘ (Ereignis), and ,discharge‘ speak about his turning away from thinking of ,being‘(ontology) and his turning towards ,topology‘, where the relationship of ,world and thing‘ is preferred to the ,ontological difference‘ between ,being‘ and the ,entity‘.

Troubling Figures

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Natalie O'Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Environmental Racism ◽  
Feminist Science Studies ◽  
Feminist Science ◽  
Do So

This essay examines the figure of the pesticide-exposed intersex frog, a canary in the coal mine for public endocrinological health. Through feminist science studies and critical discourse analysis, I explore the fields that bring this figure into being (endocrinology, toxicology, and pest science) and the colonial and racial logics that shape these fields. In so doing, I attend to the multiple nonhuman actors shaping this figure, including the pesky weeds and insects who prompt pesticides’ very existence, “male” frogs who function as test subjects, and systemic environmental racism that disproportionately exposes people of color to environmental toxicants. I encourage careful examination of galvanizing environmental figures like this toxic intersex frog and I offer a method to do so.

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