Communicable Disease and Control

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-123
Author(s):  
Emily Ying Yang Chan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Living Will ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Communicable Disease Control ◽  
Global Coordination ◽  
Health Organization

Control of communicable diseases is one of the core components in health protection practice. This chapter describes key concepts and principles related to communicable diseases and their management. According to World Health Organization, the number of deaths due to communicable diseases reduced from 12.1 million in 2000 to 9.5 million in 2012. However, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical diseases remain the major health challenges for the global community. Moreover, new emergent and re-emerging diseases constantly present new health risks. For the coming decades, globalization, changing behavioural patterns, lifestyle, and technological outcomes will pose major challenge to communicable disease control and management. The increasingly urbanized lifestyle and high-density-based living will also render most city-based communities vulnerable to living environmental pressure and communicable disease risks. Effectiveness and success in future communicable disease control rely on global coordination and cooperation.

scholarly journals Death of the King: The Introduction of Vaccination into Nepal in 1816

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Heydon
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
Communicable Disease Control ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Health Organization

This article explores the introduction of smallpox vaccination into Nepal in 1816 at the request of the Nepalese government; the king, however, was not vaccinated, contracted the disease and died. British hopes that vaccination would be extended throughout the country did not eventuate. The article examines the significance of this early appearance of vaccination in Nepal for both Nepalese and British, and relates it to the longer history of smallpox control and eventual eradication. When the Nepalese requested World Health Organization (WHO) assistance with communicable disease control in the mid-twentieth century little had changed for most Nepalese. We know about the events in 1816 through the letters of the newly imposed British Resident after Nepal’s military defeat in the Anglo-Nepal War (1814–16). By also drawing on other sources and foregrounding Nepal, it becomes possible to build up a more extensive picture of smallpox in Nepal that shows not only boundaries and limits to colonial authority and influence but also how governments may adopt and use technologies on their own terms and for their own purposes. Linking 1816 to the ultimately successful global eradication programme 150 years later reminds us of the need to think longer term as to why policies and programmes may or may not work as planned.

Keeping the flu at bay: Methods for detecting and containing infectious disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Atresha Karra, JD ◽  
Emily Cornette, JD
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
United States ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

This article focuses on the existing methods for tracking and restricting the spread of communicable diseases, both within United States borders and across nations. It will first describe the roles played by the United States’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization and will then explore how communicable diseases across the world are identified and monitored. This will be followed by a discussion of US and world reporting requirements and methods. Finally, the article will discuss the tactics used by the United States to control the spread of disease.

scholarly journals Safely resuming neglected tropical disease control activities during COVID-19: Perspectives from Nigeria and Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0009904
Author(s):  
Stephanie McKay ◽  
Joy Shu’aibu ◽  
Abdourahim Cissé ◽  
Albi Knight ◽  
Fadhalu Abdullahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Programs

Since its early spread in early 2020, the disease caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused mass disruptions to health services. These have included interruptions to programs that aimed to prevent, control, and eliminate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released interim guidelines recommending the temporary cessation of mass drug administration (MDA), community-based surveys, and case detection, while encouraging continuation of morbidity management and vector control where possible. Over the course of the following months, national programs and implementing partners contributed to COVID-19 response efforts, while also beginning to plan for resumption of NTD control activities. To understand the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations for maximizing continuity of disease control during public health emergencies, we sought perspectives from Nigeria and Guinea on the process of restarting NTD control efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through semistructured interviews with individuals involved with NTD control at the local and national levels, we identified key themes and common perspectives between the 2 countries, as well as observations that were specific to each. Overall, interviewees stressed the challenges posed by COVID-19 interruptions, particularly with respect to delays to activities and related knock-on impacts, such as drug expiry and prolonged elimination timelines, as well as concerns related to funding. However, respondents in both countries also highlighted the benefits of a formal risk assessment approach, particularly in terms of encouraging information sharing and increasing coordination and advocacy. Recommendations included ensuring greater availability of historical data to allow better monitoring of how future emergencies affect NTD control progress; continuing to use risk assessment approaches in the future; and identifying mechanisms for sharing lessons learned and innovations between countries as a means of advancing postpandemic health systems and disease control capacity strengthening.

Towards a Middleware Based on SOA for Ubiquitous Care of Non-Communicable Diseases

2017 ◽  
pp. 305-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Damasceno Vianna ◽  
Fábio Pittoli ◽  
Emerson Butzen Marques ◽  
Jorge Luis Victoria Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Community Resources ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Health Organization

According to World Health Organization, the treatment of non-communicable diseases needs more than patient engagement to help control the diseases. Community and health organizations support is also desirable for controlling them. This work details the UDuctor middleware, which was designed for supporting ubiquitous non-communicable disease care, and so, helping the integration between patient and community resources. The UDuctor middleware gives a step forward in relation to other architectures for ubiquitous applications by integrating patients, community resources and community members through a peer-to-peer network. Each peer runs a RESTFul based middleware, which enables messaging, resource sharing, context subscription and notification, and location between other UDuctor peers. The middleware implementation was employed in two solutions and tested in three experiments. The results are promising and show feasibility for the application of the middleware in real life situations.

scholarly journals European Commission and WHO discuss enhanced cooperation in the control of communicable disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Communicable Disease Control ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

The importance of communicable disease control and health security, and in particular the establishment of a European centre for disease prevention and control, were stressed this week in a high level meeting between European Commissioners and the World Health Organization (WHO).

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-753
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Health Organization

IN ANY community, the problem of the spread of disease, directly or indirectly, from one human being to another is a concern of every physician who cares for children. All pediatricians, therefore, will welcome the publication of a new version of the most authoritative statement of accepted procedures in this field—the seventh edition of The Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. This document is a report of the Subcommittee on Communicable Disease Control of the Committee on Research and Standards of the American Public Health Association. Haven Emerson, M.D., is Chairman of the Subcommittee. In addition to the distinguished epidemiologists who are members of the Committee itself, collaboration was given by the Academy of Pediatrics, whose representative was Dr. Archibald Hoyne, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau, the Department of National Defense, the Ministry of Health of Great Britain and the World Health Organization. The report has been adopted as official by many foreign countries, and many states lean upon it heavily for their regulations. It is pointed out, however, that: "Inasmuch as the laws under which various local, state and national boards and departments of health operate require differences in the legal phraseology of rules, regulations, or sections of sanitary codes dealing with the control of communicable diseases, formal regulations under each disease are not given.

scholarly journals Precaution & Safety Methods for Hospital Duty During covid-19 Pandemic Era for Healthcare Workers of Bihar, India: A protective & Supportive Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The current ongoing coronavirus pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2/covid-19/novel coronavirus is an acute infectious communicable disease spreading mainly via respiratory, eye, mouth and other possible routes from person to person as well as through contact with infected non living objects. Added to previous global burden of NCDs (non communicable diseases) & other communicable diseases this new pandemic burden of covid-19 pandemic have put a stress on already overstressed health system of India particularly poor states like Bihar. The delivery of health services is of utmost importance and prime concern in India particularly poor states like Bihar due to high population load with limited resources, poor infrastructure and huge demand on healthcare system. The Healthcare workers (HCWs) are particularly vulnerable group hence this topic needs essential attention and protection. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had presented a challenge even for developed healthcare systems around the world. A sense of fear gripped the whole world due to pandemic and India is not an exception. The scarce healthcare resources including manpower, infrastructure, transportation (ambulance services) etc. have been largely deployed to tackle the situation of pandemic of Covid-19. This shift & covid-19 pandemic has tremendous and detrimental effects on HCWs. The healthcare workers of India as well as Bihar are getting frequently infected leading to death of thousands of healthcare workers till date. Although there are several guidelines issued for precaution and safety at workplace by WHO (world Health Organization) & several accredited organizations but a protective and supportive approach from local management and governance is need of the hour. It seems that there is failure of protective and preventive measures at workplace documented and evidenced by several deaths of healthcare workers. Consequently it is apparent from above scenario to ensure the health and safety of healthcare workers in order to control the outbreak and decrease panic and fear among healthcare workers. In this article I am sharing methods and various ways for protecting healthcare workers (HCWs) while having hospital duties as well as policy makers and management people can also find this article useful while making policies for protecting and safeguarding HCWs. This article aims to reduce incidence/prevalence as well as mortality and morbidity of HCWs in Bihar by suggesting important precautions, preventive measures and other facts to be adopted by healthcare workers at workplace as well as drawing attention of policy maker, important stakeholders and management people to provide protection to HCWs.

Heterocycles in the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kush K. Maheshwari ◽  
Debasish Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect a huge population of the world and majority of the victims belong to the poor community of the developing countries. Until now, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 tropical diseases as NTDs that must be addressed with high priority. However, many heterocyclic scaffolds have demonstrated potent therapeutic activity against several NTDs. Objective: There are three major objectives: (1) To discuss the causes, symptoms, and current status of all the 20 NTDs; (2) To explore the available heterocyclic drugs, and their mechanism of actions (if known) that are being used to treat NTDs; (3) To develop general awareness on NTDs among the medicinal/health research community and beyond. Methods: The 20 NTDs have been discussed according to their alphabetic orders along with the possible heterocyclic remedies. Current status of treatment with an emphasis on the heterocyclic drugs (commercially available and investigational) has been outlined. In addition, brief discussion of the impacts of NTDs on socio-economic condition is included. Results: NTDs are often difficult to diagnose and the problem is worsened by the unhealthy hygiene, improper awareness, and inadequate healthcare in the developing countries where these diseases primarily affect poor people. The statistics include duration of suffering, numbers affected, and access to healthcare and medication. The mechanism of actions of various heterocyclic drugs, if reported, have been briefly summarized. Conclusion: Scientists and pharmaceutical corporations should allocate more resources to reveal the in-depth mechanism of actions of many heterocyclic drugs that are currently being used for the treatment of NTDs. Analysis of current heterocyclic compounds and development of new medications can help in the fight to reduce/remove the devastating effects of NTDs. An opinion-based concise review has been presented. Based on available literature, this is the first effect to present all the 20 NTDs and related heterocyclic compounds under the same umbrella.

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