‘The Englands of East and West’

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-45
Author(s):  
Cees Heere
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Military Power ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
East And West ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

In September 1894, Japan won a series of dramatic victories over its much larger neighbour, Qing China. This demonstration of Japanese military power forced British observers to reassess their relationship with a country that, prior to the 1890s, many had dismissed as an ‘oriental’ curiosity. The late 1890s also saw the intensification of Anglo-Japanese interaction in the Pacific, as Japanese trade and migration came into closer contact with the British settler colonies there. Yet whereas London became increasingly concerned with Japan’s potential role in the East Asian balance of power, its willingness to cooperate with Tokyo (culminating the Anglo-Japanese alliance of 1902) conflicted with the racialized visions of Japanese expansion articulated by actors and commentators across the imperial system. Nowhere was this contradiction more evident than in the establishment of the ‘white Australia’ policy at the same time that Britain was negotiating its treaty with Japan.

Japan's Defense Strategy

1991 ◽  
Vol 513 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKIRA IRIYE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Defense Strategy ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Japanese Military

In 1940, Japan's wealth, estimated in terms of national income, may be said to have been roughly one-tenth of that of the United States, and yet Japanese military power—the number of aircraft and warships in the Pacific—surpassed that of America. Japan had a well-defined strategy, albeit a disastrous one, for conquering Asia in order to establish a more self-sufficient empire. Today, fifty years later, Japan has caught up with the United States in economic indicators, but it spends far less than the latter on defense, and it cannot be said to have developed more than a rudimentary notion of defense strategy. This article contrasts these two periods in recent Japanese history and discusses possible factors for this dramatic reversal. It argues that defense strategies must be seen as conscious choices by a country's leaders; who they are and how they perceive international affairs are of crucial importance.

Systematics, Biogeography, and Morphological Character Evolution of the Hemiepiphytic Subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zuluaga ◽  
Martin Llano ◽  
Ken Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
R Package ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Tropics

The subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) is the third richest clade in the family, with ca. 369 described species and ca. 700 estimated. It comprises mostly hemiepiphytic or epiphytic plants restricted to the tropics, with three intercontinental disjunctions. Using a dataset representing all 12 genera in Monsteroideae (126 taxa), and five plastid and two nuclear markers, we studied the systematics and historical biogeography of the group. We found high support for the monophyly of the three major clades (Spathiphylleae sister to Heteropsis Kunth and Rhaphidophora Hassk. clades), and for six of the genera within Monsteroideae. However, we found low rates of variation in the DNA sequences used and a lack of molecular markers suitable for species-level phylogenies in the group. We also performed ancestral state reconstruction of some morphological characters traditionally used for genera delimitation. Only seed shape and size, number of seeds, number of locules, and presence of endosperm showed utility in the classification of genera in Monsteroideae. We estimated ancestral ranges using a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model as implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS and found evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the clade. One tropical disjunction (Monstera Adans. sister to Amydrium Schott–Epipremnum Schott) was found to be the product of a previous Boreotropical distribution. Two other disjunctions are more recent and likely due to long-distance dispersal: Spathiphyllum Schott (with Holochlamys Engl. nested within) represents a dispersal from South America to the Pacific Islands in Southeast Asia, and Rhaphidophora represents a dispersal from Asia to Africa. Future studies based on stronger phylogenetic reconstructions and complete morphological datasets are needed to explore the details of speciation and migration within and among areas in Asia.

USE OF KNOTTED STRING ACCOUNTING RECORDS IN OLD HAWAII AND ANCIENT CHINA

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyle E. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Writing Process ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
East And West ◽  
Insight Into

The use of the “quipu” for accounting purposes has been primarily attributed to the Peruvian Inca culture in the days of old. Documented evidence, however, provides that early Hawaiians and ancient Chinese predated the Incan usage. Studies concentrating on the quipu as an accounting device rather than as an element in the evolution of the writing process might provide valuable contributions to the solution of the mystery surrounding this artifact. Insight into the development of mankind in the Pacific may be gained by understanding the use of the quipu in the East and West, and in Hawaii—the “meeting place” of the Pacific.

East Asian Exceptionalism to Western Populism and Migration Crisis

2018 ◽  
pp. 196-210
Author(s):  
John Lie
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The World ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
And Migration

In the 2010s, the world is seemingly awash with waves of populism and anti-immigration movements. Yet virtually all discussions, owing to the prevailing Eurocentric perspective, bypass East Asia (more accurately, Northeast Asia) and the absence of strong populist or anti-immigration discourses or politics. This chapter presents a comparative and historical account of East Asian exceptionalism in the matter of migration crisis, especially given the West’s embrace of an insider-outsider dichotomy superseding the class- and nation-based divisions of the post–World War II era. The chapter also discusses some nascent articulations of Western-style populist discourses in Northeast Asia, and concludes with the potential for migration crisis in the region.

scholarly journals Contradictions in Counter-Intuitive Beliefs and Naïve Dialecticism

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Samson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural Psychology ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cognitive Anthropology ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Role Of Religion

AbstractIn an article aimed at complementing Boyer and Sperber's (relatively structural) views of counter-intuitive concepts and their robustness in the religious domain, Franks (2003) has recently drawn attention to the fact that the tolerance of such conflict or contradiction appears to be less domain-specific in some cultures, such as those found in East Asia. This paper follows up on this important point by highlighting the similarities and differences of the tolerance for contradictions evident in East Asian 'naïve dialecticism' and nonnatural religious representations. It is argued that, despite their dissimilarity with respect to the content represented, both types of tolerances may be structurally similar. Both could also be anchored in intuition, albeit in qualitatively different ways. Given the general tolerance of psychological contradiction among persons of East Asian cultures and the potential role of religion, the question whether there is a place for the study of 'tolerance of contradiction' in cross-cultural psychology and cognitive anthropology is raised.

On the Making of U.S. China Policy, 1961–9: A Study in Bureaucratic Politics

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 220-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Bureaucratic Politics ◽  
China Policy ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
History Of ◽  
John Foster Dulles ◽  
To Come

When the history of Sino-American relations since 1949 is written in years to come, it will very likely lump together much of the two decades from the Korean War to the Kissinger-Chou meeting as a period of drearily sustained deadlock. Korean hostilities will be blended rather easily into Indochina hostilities, John Foster Dulles into Dean Rusk. The words and deeds of American East Asian intervention, of the containment and isolation of China, will seem an unbroken continuity. And at the end, under most improbable auspices but for commonsense balance-of-power reasons, will come the Zen-like Nixon stroke that cut the Gordian knot and opened a new era.

scholarly journals The Power of Nations: Measuring What Matters

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Beckley
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Military Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Policy Analysts ◽  
Leading Journals

Power is the most important variable in world politics, but scholars and policy analysts systematically mismeasure it. Most studies evaluate countries’ power using broad indicators of economic and military resources, such as gross domestic product and military spending, that tally their wealth and military assets without deducting the costs they pay to police, protect, and serve their people. As a result, standard indicators exaggerate the wealth and military power of poor, populous countries, such as China and India. A sounder approach accounts for these costs by measuring power in net rather than gross terms. This approach predicts war and dispute outcomes involving great powers over the past 200 years more accurately than those that use gross indicators of power. In addition, it improves the in-sample goodness-of-fit in the majority of studies published in leading journals over the past five years. Applying this improved framework to the current balance of power suggests that the United States’ economic and military lead over other countries is much larger than typically assumed, and that the trends are mostly in America's favor.

Distribution and migration of aftershocks of the 2010 Mw 7.4 Ogasawara Islands intraplate normal-faulting earthquake related to a fracture zone in the Pacific plate

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1363-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Obana ◽  
Tsutomu Takahashi ◽  
Tetsuo No ◽  
Yuka Kaiho ◽  
Shuichi Kodaira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Pacific Plate ◽  
Normal Faulting ◽  
Ogasawara Islands ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration
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