scholarly journals Technological Learning, Industrial Policy, and Catch-up

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Arkebe Oqubay ◽  
Kenichi Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Technological Learning ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Future ◽  
Catch Up

Why is catch-up rare? And why have some nations succeeded while others failed? What are the prospects for successful learning and catch-up in the twenty-first century? This chapter introduces the aims, themes, and analytical perspectives of How Nations Learn, outlining the focus of each chapter, and considering pathways to the future. The volume examines how nations learn by reviewing key structural and contingent factors that contribute to dynamic learning and catch-up. It uses historical as well as firm-, industry-, and country-level evidence and experiences to identify sources and drivers of successful learning and catch-up and the lessons for late-latecomer countries. It aims to generate interest and debate among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the complexity of learning and catch-up, not only for late late developers but also for middle-income countries in the early stages of industrialization.

scholarly journals How Nations Learn

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Learning By Doing ◽  
First Century ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The One

Authored by eminent scholars, the volume aims to generate interest and debate among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the complexity of learning and catch-up, particularly for twenty-first century late-late developers. The volume explores technological learning at the firm level, policy learning by the state, and the cumulative and multifaceted nature of the learning process, which encompasses learning by doing, by experiment, emulation, innovation, and leapfrogging. Why is catch-up rare? And why have some nations succeeded while others failed? What are the prospects for successful learning and catch-up in the twenty-first century? These are pertinent questions that require further research and in-depth analysis. The World Bank estimates that out of the 101 middle-income economies in 1960, only thirteen became high income by 2008. This volume examines how nations learn by reviewing key structural and contingent factors that contribute to dynamic learning and catch-up. Rejecting both the one-size-fits-all approach and the agnosticism that all nations are unique and different, the volume uses historical as well as firm-level, industry-level, and country-level evidence and experiences to identify the sources and drivers of successful learning and catch-up and the lessons for late-latecomer countries. Building on the latecomer-advantage perspective, the volume shows that what is critical for dynamic learning and catch-up is not learning per se but the intensity of learning, robust industrial policies, and the pace and direction of learning. Equally important are the passion to learn, long-term strategic vision, and understanding the context in which successful learning occurs.

scholarly journals From classical developmentalism and post-Keynesian macroeconomics to new developmentalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIZ CARLOS BRESSER-PEREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Keynesian Economics ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Latin American Countries

ABSTRACT New developmentalism was a response to the inability of classical developmentalism and post-Keynesian macroeconomics in leading middle-income countries to resume growth. New developmentalism was born in the 2000s to explain why Latin American countries stopped growing in the 1980s, while East Asian countries continued to catch up. This paper compares new developmentalism with classical developmentalism, which didn’t have a macroeconomics, and with post-Keynesian economics, whose macroeconomics is not devoted to developing countries. And shows that to follow the East Asian example is not enough industrial policy, it is also necessary a macroeconomic policy that sets the five macroeconomic prices right, rejects the growth with foreign savings policy, and keeps the macroeconomic accounts balanced.

scholarly journals Predictors of Contemporary under-5 Child Mortality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Machine Learning Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1315
Author(s):  
Andrea Bizzego ◽  
Giulio Gabrieli ◽  
Marc H. Bornstein ◽  
Kirby Deater-Deckard ◽  
Jennifer E. Lansford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Child Mortality (CM) is a worldwide concern, annually affecting as many as 6.81% children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We used data of the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) (N = 275,160) from 27 LMIC and a machine-learning approach to rank 37 distal causes of CM and identify the top 10 causes in terms of predictive potency. Based on the top 10 causes, we identified households with improved conditions. We retrospectively validated the results by investigating the association between variations of CM and variations of the percentage of households with improved conditions at country-level, between the 2005–2007 and the 2013–2017 administrations of the MICS. A unique contribution of our approach is to identify lesser-known distal causes which likely account for better-known proximal causes: notably, the identified distal causes and preventable and treatable through social, educational, and physical interventions. We demonstrate how machine learning can be used to obtain operational information from big dataset to guide interventions and policy makers.

scholarly journals Tobacco intervention research in low- and middle-income countries: lessons learned and future directions

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Tobacco Intervention

Treating tobacco dependence is paramount for global tobacco control efforts, but is often overshadowed by other policy priorities. As stated by Jha (2009), “cessation by current smokers is the only practical way to avoid a substantial proportion of tobacco deaths worldwide before 2050.” Its importance is codified in Article 14 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), and in the WHO's MPOWER package of effective country-level policies. Unfortunately, only 15% of the world's population have access to appropriate cessation support (WHO, 2015). Moreover, parties to the FCTC have implemented only 51% of the indicators within Article 14, on average, which is far lower than many other articles (WHO, 2014). Further, commenting on the use of “O” measures (Offer help to quit tobacco use) in the MPOWER acronym, WHO recently concluded, “while there has been improvement in implementing comprehensive tobacco cessation services, this is nonetheless a most under-implemented MPOWER measure in terms of the number of countries that have fully implemented it” (WHO, 2015). To the detriment of global tobacco control efforts, only one in eight countries provides comprehensive cost-covered services, only one in four provide some cost coverage for nicotine replacement therapy, and fewer than one third provide a toll-free quit line (WHO, 2015).

scholarly journals The third millennium dementia epidemic

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Richard Tjan
Keyword(s):  
Older Persons ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
The Future ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The global dementia epidemic now and in the future is mainly caused by the steady increase in the population of older persons, where around 2 billion people will be 60 years of age and older by 2050.<sup>(1,2)</sup> As a consequence, in that year  there will be 135 million people with dementia, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where 60% of the more than 47 million cases (2015 estimate) are living now.<sup>(2)</sup>

scholarly journals Estimating the Impact and Cost of the WHO 2010 Recommendations for Antiretroviral Therapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stover ◽  
Lori Bollinger ◽  
Carlos Avila
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Eligibility Criterion ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Art Programs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

In July 2010, WHO published new recommendations on providing antiretroviral therapy to adults and adolescents, including starting ART earlier, usually at a CD4 count of 350 or lower, specific regimens for first- and second-line therapies, and other recommendations. This paper estimates the potential impact and cost of the revised guidelines by first, calculating the number of people that would be in need of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with different eligibility criteria, and second, calculating the costs associated with the potential impact. Results indicate that switching the eligibility criterion from CD4 count <200 to <350 increases the need for ART in low- and middle-income countries (country-level) by 50% (range 34% to 70%). The costs of ART programs only to increase coverage to 80% by 2015 would be 44% more (range 29% to 63%) when switching the eligibility criterion to CD4 count <350. When testing and outreach costs are included, total costs increase by 62%, from US$26.3 billion under the previous eligibility criterion of treating those with CD4 <200 to US$42.5 billion using the revised eligibility criterion of treating those with CD4 <350.

scholarly journals Consumption of breast milk, formula and other non-human milk by children aged under 2 years: analysis of eighty-six low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Paulo AR Neves ◽  
Aluísio JD Barros ◽  
Phillip Baker ◽  
Ellen Piwoz ◽  
Thiago M Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Low And Middle Income ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence and socio-economic inequalities in breast milk, breast milk substitutes (BMS) and other non-human milk consumption, by children under 2 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Design: We analysed the prevalence of continued breast-feeding at 1 and 2 years and frequency of formula and other non-human milk consumption by age in months. Indicators were estimated through 24-h dietary recall. Absolute and relative wealth indicators were used to describe within- and between-country socio-economic inequalities. Setting: Nationally representative surveys from 2010 onwards from eighty-six LMIC. Participants: 394 977 children aged under 2 years. Results: Breast-feeding declined sharply as children became older in all LMIC, especially in upper-middle-income countries. BMS consumption peaked at 6 months of age in low/lower-middle-income countries and at around 12 months in upper-middle-income countries. Irrespective of country, BMS consumption was higher in children from wealthier families, and breast-feeding in children from poorer families. Multilevel linear regression analysis showed that BMS consumption was positively associated with absolute income, and breast-feeding negatively associated. Findings for other non-human milk consumption were less straightforward. Unmeasured factors at country level explained a substantial proportion of overall variability in BMS consumption and breast-feeding. Conclusions: Breast-feeding falls sharply as children become older, especially in wealthier families in upper-middle-income countries; this same group also consumes more BMS at any age. Country-level factors play an important role in explaining BMS consumption by all family wealth groups, suggesting that BMS marketing at national level might be partly responsible for the observed differences.

scholarly journals Inequality in physical activity, global trends by income inequality and gender in adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chastin SFM ◽  
J. Van Cauwenberg ◽  
L. Maenhout ◽  
G. Cardon ◽  
E. V. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Physical Activity Guidelines ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World

Abstract Background Physical inactivity is a global pandemic associated with a high burden of disease and premature mortality. There is also a trend in growing economic inequalities which impacts population health. There is no global analysis of the relationship between income inequality and population levels of physical inactivity. Methods Two thousand sixteen World Health Organisation’s country level data about compliance with the 2010 global physical activity guidelines were analysed against country level income interquantile ratio data obtained from the World Bank, OECD and World Income Inequality Database. The analysis was stratified by country income (Low, Middle and High) according to the World Bank classification and gender. Multiple regression was used to quantify the association between physical activity and income inequality. Models were adjusted for GDP and percentage of GDP spent on health care for each country and out of pocket health care spent. Results Significantly higher levels of inactivity and a wider gap between the percentage of women and men meeting global physical activity guidelines were found in countries with higher income inequality in high and middle income countries irrespective of a country wealth and spend on health care. For example, in higher income countries, for each point increase in the interquantile ratio data, levels of inactivity in women were 3.73% (CI 0.89 6.57) higher, levels of inactivity in men were 2.04% (CI 0.08 4.15) higher and the gap in inactivity levels between women and men was 1.50% larger (CI 0.16 2.83). Similar relationships were found in middle income countries with lower effect sizes. These relationships were, however, not demonstrated in the low-income countries. Conclusions Economic inequalities, particularly in high- and middle- income countries might contribute to physical inactivity and might be an important factor to consider and address in order to combat the global inactivity pandemic and to achieve the World Health Organisation target for inactivity reduction.

scholarly journals Non-communicable diseases during pregnancy in low and middle income countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Changes ◽  
The Future ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Apart from the risks of obstetric complications like haemorrhage and eclampsia, a large number of medical conditions affect pregnancy and result in adverse outcomes for both the mother and offspring. Non-communicable diseases in pregnancy are becoming increasingly important in contributing to death and poor health. Changes in the patterns and distribution of these conditions mean that we need new perspectives and ways of dealing with these challenges for the future. This article reviews the burden of ill-health due to non-communicable diseases during pregnancy in low and middle income countries and presents some paradigms relevant to public health and health system needs of the future.

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