International Legitimacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-209
Author(s):  
Martin Wight
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
External Support ◽  
Popular Politics ◽  
Democratic Principle ◽  
Collective Judgment ◽  
The Family ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
Second World

Wight defined international legitimacy as ‘the collective judgment of international society about rightful membership of the family of nations’. International legitimacy derived mainly from prescription and dynasticism, the customary rule of hereditary monarchs, until the American and French Revolutions instituted the popular and democratic principle of the consent of the governed. The increasing reliance on popular politics led to the triumph of national self-determination in the 1919 peace settlement, with certain exceptions, notably the decision not to conduct a plebiscite in Alsace-Lorraine. New principles, such as territorial contiguity and integrity, influenced decisions about the legitimacy of the frontiers of the states formed from the breakup of European colonial empires after the Second World War. India, for example, referred to the principle of territorial integrity to justify the acquisition of Hyderabad and Goa. Critics of colonial arrangements have regarded them as illegitimate and unacceptable by definition. A state seeking independence via secession can succeed in its bid for self-determination only if it can gain sufficient external support. Therefore Biafra’s bid failed while that of Bangladesh succeeded. Communist principles of legitimacy emphasize the self-determination of the proletariat under the guidance of the Communist party. Legitimacy principles are subject to pragmatic constraints, and in practice governments generally recognize whoever controls state power.

scholarly journals The Showgirls from Eltham, the Windmill Theatre and the V2 Rocket: One family’s experience as a window on aspects of interwar cultural life

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Alan Cocker
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
World War ◽  
Indiana University ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Family ◽  
Second World

The journey of the Cooper family from small town New Zealand in the early 1920s to Sydney, and then to London, where they arrived in May 1935, provides a frame to look at aspects of social change in the interwar period. Their story, which sees the two daughters of the family appearing in the risqué nude revues at London's Windmill Theatre in the early years of the Second World War, could be viewed as exotic and atypical but does provide a vehicle to look at aspects of cultural change and media influence during a time when “modern women understood self-display to be part of the quest for mobility, self-determination, and sexual identity"1 1 Liz Conor, The Spectacular Modern Woman:Feminine Visibility in the 1920s (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), p.29. Conorargues that the importance of the association of feminine visibility with agency cannot be overestimated.

Post-War Reconstruction

2000 ◽  
pp. 273-296
Author(s):  
Peter N. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
West African ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Company Limited ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Trade Market

This chapter describes the reconstruction of Elder Dempster’s company structure and development after the Second World War. It states the company’s losses in terms of vessels and staff, and assesses the changes made in management and head office accommodation in order to allow Elder Dempster to meet the level of success it had achieved in the early 20th Century. The chapter also addresses the changing composition of the West African trade after the war, which included alterations in the determination of freight rates; the extension of the West African Lines Conference; and the intrusion of Scandinavian lines into the West African trade market. The chapter concludes with Elder Dempster’s purchase of the British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company Limited.

scholarly journals The Status of Women in a Socialist Order: Czechoslovakia, 1948-1978

Slavic Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Wolchik
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Second World ◽  
Status Of Women

All citizens shall have equal rights and equal duties. Men and women shall have equal status in the family, at work and in public activity. The society of the working people shall ensure the equality of all citizens by creating equal possibilities and equal opportunities in all fields of public life.ČSSR Constitution, Article 20When we Communist women protested against the disbanding of the women's organization, we were informed that we had equality. That we were equal, happy, joyful, and content, and that, therefore, our problem was solved.Woman Delegate to the Prague Conferenceof District Party Officials, May 1968When Communist elites came to power in Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War, they attempted to create a new social and political order. As part of this process, efforts were made to improve the status of women and to incorporate them as full participants in a socialist society.

scholarly journals Wartime Wilsonianism and the Crisis of Empire, 1941–43

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (04) ◽  
pp. 1278-1311
Author(s):  
JEREMY A. YELLEN
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
World War ◽  
Joint Declaration ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Imperial Japan ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Second World

AbstractOne striking feature of the Pacific War was the extent to which Wilsonian ideals informed the war aims of both sides. By 1943, the Atlantic Charter and Japan's Pacific Charter (Greater East Asia Joint Declaration) outlined remarkably similar visions for the postwar order. This comparative study of the histories surrounding both charters highlights parallels between the foreign policies of Great Britain and Imperial Japan. Both empires engaged with Wilsonianism in similar ways, to similar ends. Driven by geopolitical desperation, both reluctantly enshrined Wilsonian values into their war aims to survive a gruelling war with empire intact. But the endorsement of national self-determination, in particular, gave elites in dependent states a means to protest the realities of both British and Japanese rule and to demand that both empires practise what they preach. This comparative analysis of Britain and Japan thus sheds light on the part Wilsonian ideology played in the global crisis of empire during the Second World War.

1919 and the persistence of nationalist aspirations

1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Christopher Seton-Watson
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Press ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
Second World

‘The characteristic feature of the crisis of the twenty years between 1919 and 1939 was the abrupt descent from the visionary hopes of the first decade to the grim despair of the second, from a Utopia which took little account of reality to a reality from which every element of Utopia was rigorously excluded… The Utopia of 1919 was hollow and without substance,’ So wrote E. H. Carr in the conclusion to his Twenty Years Crisis, which he sent to the press in the middle of July 1939. Fifty years later one cannot but agree with him that the peace settlement of 1919 ‘failed’: Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin wiped it off the map of Europe. But though the Second World War created a very different ‘realistic’ world, some of the ‘Utopian’ ideals of 1919, so brusquely dismissed by Carr, re-surfaced irrepressibly after 1945, and some of their practical applications returned to the agenda of international politics.

Topos and chronos of English country houseat the beginning of the XXth century in literature and cinema(the novel “The Remains of the Day” by Kazuo Ishiguro and a film by James Ivory)

2020 ◽  
pp. 313-321
Author(s):  
Anna S. Sholokhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Kazuo Ishiguro ◽  
Ideal World ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
James Ivory ◽  
Second World

The Stately-house novel takes a special place in the English classical literature. The estate here is of key importance in the image-structure of the work. The world of an English estate is reflected as a multi-faceted text, extremely enriched with cultural signs. Novel by Kazuo Ishiguro “The Remains of the Day” can be regarded as one of the examples of typical British aristocratic prose. The narrator and protagonist of the novel is a butler, who serves in the large English Stately home Darlington Hall. The family estate is considered by the hero as a symbol of order and harmony, and at the same time it personifies the ideal world of the past that is gradually fading away. In 1993 the director James Ivory made a film based on the Ishiguro’s novel. He created different visual images of an English estate on the screen with particular accuracy. Fictional Darlington Hall is a combination of several Stately homes located in the southwest of England. The novel by Kazuo Ishiguro and the film by J. Ivory are memories of a bygone era of British Empire, ended with the Second World War.

On a Personalized Educational System Oriented Towards Professional Self-Determination of Students in the Mainstream School

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Muhametova
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Education System ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Personalized Education ◽  
The Family ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Educational Potential

The article considers conditions of use professional orientation system personalized education system (PES) for the formation of professional identity in terms of secondarygeneral school. The article summarizes the practical experience of an individual-differentiated approach in the interaction of participants of a unified educational system in the field of professional self-determination with the inclusion of the family as a subject of PES. The author gives an example of a correlation analysis of the level of educational potential of family, level of readiness of classmen to professional self-determination and the extent to which career goals of graduates of general secondary school. Special attention is paid to designing a professionally-oriented PSV based on E.N. Stepanov's research on personalized education systems. The effectiveness of the implementation of a professionally-oriented personalized education system in the conditions of professional self-determination of classmen in general secondary school was experimentally tested and evaluated.

The Measure of Nations: Testing the Assumptions behind the Classical Rule

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-120
Author(s):  
Timothy William Waters
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines what people think the prevailing model actually does. The current, classical rule of self-determination is historically bounded: Its borders are history's borders; it favors the outcomes of historical processes over current realities. Under the classical rule, whenever a conflict arises within a state, people are compelled to look for solutions that work within the fixed borders they already have. This constraint is thought to be a virtue. The explicit purpose of the system put in place at the end of the Second World War—territorial integrity, self-determination, human rights, and prohibition of aggression—was to stabilize global politics and reduce the resort to war. Rigid borders were an intentional part of that project. But has that been the result? Have fixed borders produced a more peaceful world? What if territorial integrity has not reduced violence but increased it? To answer these questions, one has to measure the effects of the classical rule. The chapter does that, and suggests borders are not doing what people think they are.

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