Patron Saints: (3) Theological Foundations of Ordo and Religious Traces

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-238
Author(s):  
Kenneth Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Social Ethics ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Social Thought ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
Theological Foundations ◽  
Classical Humanism ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Theological Debate ◽  
Patron Saints ◽  
Role Of Religion

This chapter examines the role of religion and theological debate in conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism. It looks at the ethical and strategic roles of religion: for Walter Eucken, Lutheran faith should act as a guide; for Friedrich Hayek, an agnostic, religion had instrumental value in gathering support. The central reference point of Ordo-liberalism was in Lutheran thought and Reformed Protestantism; their cross-national reach; the ascetic and austere moral seriousness they imparted to debates about civic virtue and the just economic order; and the effect on their attitudes to John Maynard Keynes and Joseph Schumpeter. The chapter shows how this link played a key role in the Freiburg resistance circles to the Third Reich; the work by Franz Böhm, Eucken, and others on the Bonhoeffer Memorandum; and the secularized Calvinism of James Buchanan and Frank Knight. The chapter also explores the complex and difficult relationship to Roman Catholic Scholastic thought, notably the concept of Ordo; to Catholic social thought as it evolved from the late nineteenth century, notably about social solidarity; and to Classical humanism, as represented by Stoicism; and the relatively late development of Lutheran social ethics. The challenge of building bridges to Catholicism has been a persistent concern, notably in the writings of Wilhelm Röpke. The chapter also looks at Catholic theologians who have engaged with Ordo-liberalism; the appeal of ‘thinking in orders’ within Catholicism; and successive relevant papal encyclicals. The chapter closes with reflections on the contemporary relevance of religion and its role in upholding the values of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism.

scholarly journals The Christmas Season and the Protestant Churches in England, c. 1870–1914

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL ARMSTRONG
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Culture ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Festive Season

Histories of the English Christmas tend to downplay the role of religion in the development of the modern festival. This article examines the place of religion in the popular celebration of Christmas, as well as the provision of worship offered by the Protestant Churches during the festive season. It argues that although some churchmen viewed Christmas pessimistically as part of a broader battle between sacred and secular, the Churches played an important role in the expansion of the urban public culture of Christmas in the late nineteenth century, whilst the doctrine of the incarnation provided a religious framework for the celebration of childhood and domesticity that the festival had come to embody.

The Role of Religion in the Cultural Structure of the Later Victorian City

1973 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 153-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. S. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Class Action ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Town ◽  
Single Form ◽  
Single Pattern ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The City ◽  
Cultural Structure

One obviously cannot make generalizations covering all the towns and cities of late nineteenth-century England. London was a case by itself; Liverpool a very different port from Bristol; an industrial town like Rochdale seems very remote from Dorchester. Nor is it possible to give a single brief definition of a city, though many have tried. ‘Just as there is no single form of the pre-industrial city,’ wrote R. E. Pahl, ‘urbanization as concentration of population does not lead to any single pattern of class action and conflict.’ Attempts to provide a definition of a city culminate in David Riesman's comment that the city is what we choose to make it for the purposes of analysis. One has to accept that Bristol, Dorchester, Rochdale and Liverpool were towns without exaggerating what they had in common.

The Rise of Criminology in its Historical Context

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Spierenburg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Character Building ◽  
Criminological Theories

This essay traces the origins and development of criminology from Beccaria up to about 1940, exploring the intimate connection between criminological thought and the contemporary cultural and social climate. In various ways, all pre-criminologists were influenced by the early bourgeois image of man, with free will and character building as its central tenets. Professionalization coincided with a cultural turn that greatly reduced the role of free will in human behavior, stressing instead heredity or other fixed structures. The concept of a “quest for purity” typifies the cultural undercurrent beneath all criminological theories up to 1914. The essay closes with an examination of the development of professional criminology from the late nineteenth century on, concentrating on the discipline’s contrasting fate in Germany and the Netherlands and arguing that there was no straight line from late nineteenth-century ideas about degeneration and born criminals to the racist fallacies of the Third Reich.

Bridging the Divide in Contemporary U.S. Catholic Social Ethics

2005 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin E. Heyer
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Dynamic Tension ◽  
Theological Foundations

[The author clarifies two dominant methodologies that persist in U.S. Catholic social ethics as represented by J. Bryan Hehir and Michael J. Baxter. A comparative analysis of these reformist and radicalist approaches along with their theological foundations challenges contemporary perspectives on their coexistence, and it suggests ways in which the two might mutually inform one another. The author attempts to move methodological debates beyond rigid typologies and toward a more creative, dynamic tension between each model's distinct emphases.]

Von der Dreiständelehre zur Bereichsethik

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Honecker
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
History Of Ethics ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Theological Foundations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Social ethics today is understood as an ethics of the institutions of human social interaction. It originated as a discipline during the 19th century under the influence of the modern social sciences. Thus it is a child of the Enlightenment. A Look at the history of ethics, however, reveals that the reformational theory of the three estates (Dreiständelehre) represents an early stage in the development of social ethics. lts origin in Aristotelian philosophy, its development within the Lutheran Reformation, and its end in the Enlightenment are portrayed. Current differentiation of ethics into special areas (Bereichsethiken) as well as efforts to establish the ethos specific to and goveming the application of ethical principles to autonomaus areas of responsibility motivate the topic and intention of this reexamination of the historic theory of the three estates, especially with respect to its theological foundations

Social Ethics

2005 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Elsbernd
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Economic Ethics ◽  
Catholic Social Thought ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common

[The survey addresses recent publications in five areas: (1) foundational resources and approaches; (2) Catholic social thought; (3) faith and public life; (4) reconciliation and social conflict; and (5) environmental and economic ethics. Recurring issues include: praxis-based approaches, the common good and human rights, religion's role in public life, restorative justice, as well as attention to the marginalized.]

Difficult (Re-)Alignments – Comparative Perspectives on Social Democracy and Religion from Late-nineteenth century to Interwar Germany and Britain

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Berger
Keyword(s):  
Social Ethics ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Religion ◽  
First World

The attitudes of British and German socialists vis-a-vis religion before the First World War has been described by one of the most eminent scholars in the field of the history of religion, Hugh McLeod, as being diametrically opposed – German socialists were largely secular, irreligious and anti-clerical whereas within British socialism, Christianity, especially dissenting Protestantism, was a far more important streak. In this article I would like to modulate the stark contrast contained in this commonly held view by looking at a slightly different time frame than McLeod, and by emphasizing more the ambiguities and uncertainties of that relationship between socialism and religion in both countries. It shall be argued that a longer-term positive relationship between religion and socialism in Britain can be juxtaposed with a rapprochement between the forces of religion and socialism in interwar Germany. Hence the article will provide a cross-country diachronic comparison of the relationship between religion and socialism in Britain and Germany. It will highlight, in particular, a common utopianism of religion and socialism, that could also be called utopianism of the social ethics of the Sermon on the Mount; attempts to forge socialism as new religion shall be examined on the subsequent pages.

Liberal, Broad Church, and Reforming Influences in the Late Nineteenth Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 419-432
Author(s):  
Finlay A. J. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
Free Church ◽  
The Public ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Church

The second half of the nineteenth century saw something of a watershed as the post-Disruption Presbyterian Churches moved beyond the theology of the Westminster Confession. At the same time the Church of Scotland was forced to defend its role as an ‘established Church’, finding a ready champion in John Tulloch of St Andrews who stressed the role of religion in the public as well as the private sphere. Through the liberal and reforming influences of men such as Tulloch, John Caird, Norman Macleod, Robert Flint, and Archibald Charteris in the Church of Scotland, John Cairns in the United Presbyterian Church, and Robert Rainy in the Free Church the late century years witnessed a new theological engagement with the challenges of scientific discovery and social need. By such means Christianity was commended to mind as well as spirit, to reason as well as faith.

An Equation of Language and Spirit: Comparative Philology and the Study of American Indian Religions

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dees
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Indigenous Religions ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
John Wesley Powell ◽  
Comparative Philology

Scholars of religion frequently distinguish between the religions practiced by American Indians and non-Natives, raising a question about the role of religion in constructing and preserving notions of human difference. The present article locates key assumptions about the inherent distinction of Indigenous religions in early anthropological and linguistic research on American Indians. I demonstrate that as anthropologists studied Native cultures in the late nineteenth century, they drew on evolutionary theories of language in order to construct racialized cultural classifications. Analysis of language provided a framework and foundation for research on American Indian religions. I focus on the writings produced by the Bureau of American Ethnology (bae), led by the influential anthropologist John Wesley Powell, who directed the Bureau from 1879 to 1902. Drawing on philology, the science of language, bae researchers outlined a perceived essential difference between spiritual capacities of American Indians and non-Natives.

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