Transformations, Ruptures, and Continuities in the Inter-American Development Bank’s Policy from 1980 to the Present

This chapter shows that, although the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) mandate remained unchanged over the course of over fifty years from its creation, the Bank’s lending policies in Latin America changed over time, consistent with the prevailing policy framework in developed countries. Unlike in other multilateral development banks (MDB) with a presence in the region—especially the World Bank—Latin American countries played a bigger role in the IADB’s decision-making process from the very moment the regional bank was created. However, donor countries, in particular the United States, enforced IADB policy guidelines, with a varying degree of conflict over the different periods. The authors establish that the institution underwent a transition phase, which began in the 1980s, marking a move away from a developmental role associated with state-led industrialization processes. The IADB became a supporter of liberalization and deregulation policies in the 1990s and then, from the 2008‒9 global crisis, played a new active role for development.

Latin American countries and Russia in the international trade of the main tropical fruits

Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises ◽

10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-10-48-59 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 48-59

Author(s):

Rafail R. Mukhametzyanov ◽

◽

Ana Isabel Fedorchuk Mac-Eachen ◽

Gulnara K. Dzhancharova ◽

Nikolay G. Platonovskiy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Latin American ◽

Developed Countries ◽

World Market ◽

Tropical Fruits ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

The World ◽

The orientation of a part of the population of economically developed countries to a healthy diet, the spread of ideas of vegetarianism, concern for the environment, and relatively higher incomes contributed to an increase in demand for fruits, berries and nuts of tropical and subtropical origin. Some of them, in particular bananas, oranges, tangerines, lemons, have become common food products and practically everyday consumption for the majority of the population of developed countries in the last quarter of the 20th century. In the future, some other types of fresh fruit and berry products from the tropics and subtropics (for example, pineapple, kiwi, avocado) gradually, due to increased production and international trade, also became more economically available to the ordinary consumer. Based on the analysis of statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for 1961-2019, the article shows a number of trends in international trade (for exports) of major tropical fruits are reflected, with a deeper look at the participation of Latin American countries in this process. It was revealed that some states of this region, such as Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Honduras, Peru, Brazil, Chile, occupy significant positions in the supply of bananas, pineapple, avocado, mango, papaya to the world market. Currently, Russia is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of imports of fruit and berry products, therefore, the issue of its participation as a subject of demand in the world tropical fruit market is raised.

Spanish-speaking Anarchists in the United States

Writing Revolution ◽

10.5622/illinois/9780252042744.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 86-102

Author(s):

Susana Sueiro Seoane

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

Latin American ◽

York City ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

Spanish Speaking ◽

The World ◽

Different Parts

This chapter analyzes Cultura Obrera (Labor Culture), published in New York City from 1911 to 1927. Pedro Esteve, the primary editor, gave expression to his ideas in this newspaper and while it represented Spanish firemen and marine workers, it reported on many other workers’ struggles in different parts of the world, for example, supporting and collecting funds for the Mexican revolutionary brothers Flores Magón. This newspaper, as all the anarchist press, was part of a transnational network and had a circulation not only in many parts of the United States but also in Latin American countries, including Argentina and Cuba, as well as on the other side of the Atlantic, in Spain and various European countries.

Porfirian Commercial Propaganda: Mexico in the World Industrial Expositions

The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History ◽

10.2307/981355 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 230-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Gene Yeager

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Latin American ◽

World Trade ◽

Gilded Age ◽

The United States ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

The World ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Trade And Investment

Students of late nineteenth century history have long dismissed the world industrial expositions as glittering, but not highly significant reflections of the gilded age. What emerges from the literature of the period, however, is a sense of the overriding commercial importance of these exhibitions. Nineteenth-century observers consistently linked the fairs to the general growth of world trade and to the expanding commercial hegemony of the United States. More specifically, contemporaries agreed that the expositions served to develop trade and investment ties with Latin America. Among the Latin American countries represented in the expositions, Mexico was the most important and consistent participant.

Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History ◽

Convergence, trade and industrial policy: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the international economy, 1900–1980

10.1017/s021261090000046x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 37-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luis Bértola ◽

Gabriel Porcile

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Latin American ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

The Great Depression ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

Long Run ◽

The Developed Countries ◽

Pattern Of Specialization ◽

AbstractThis paper discusses the economic performance of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) from a comparative perspective, using as a benchmark a group of four developed countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). The focus is on the relative performance within the region and between the Latin American countries and the developed countries in the period 1900–1980. The paper argues that Argentina and Uruguay benefited from a privileged position in international markets at the beginning of the 20th century and this allowed them to converge. However, they failed to adjust to the major long-run change in the pattern of world trade brought about by World War I and the Great Depression, which implied a persistent decline of their export markets. On the other hand, Brazil, after having been much less successful until 1930, grew at higher rates thereafter based on rapid structural change and the building up of competitive advantages in new industrial sectors. The more vigorous Brazilian policy for industrialization and export diversification may explain why Brazil succeeded in changing its pattern of specialization, while Argentina and Uruguay were locked in to the old pattern. A typology of convergence regimes is suggested based on the growth experience of these countries.

World Bank Directives, Domestic Interests, and the Politics of Human Capital Investment in Latin America

Comparative Political Studies ◽

10.1177/0010414000033001005 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 113-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

WENDY HUNTER ◽

DAVID S. BROWN

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Human Capital ◽

World Bank ◽

Latin American ◽

Capital Investment ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Education And Health ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World

Recent studies underscore the importance of international organizations in transmitting norms, ideas, and values to developing countries. But has this diffusion influenced government policy in less developed countries? During the past two decades, the World Bank has emphasized the need for Third World governments to increase the stock of human capital by investing in education and health. Specifically, it has encouraged developing countries to shift an increasing share of their resources toward primary education. The authors examine 13 Latin American countries between 1980 and 1992 to establish the relationship between World Bank project lending and government investment in human capital. They combine time-series cross-sectional analysis with field research to evaluate the World Bank's influence on government spending on education and health. Although the World Bank may be successful in convincing developing country technocrats to “invest in people,” this research suggests that it is less successful in convincing the politicians who control the purse strings.

Rhetoric and Reality: The World Bank Development Policies, Mining Corporations, and Indigenous Communities in Latin America

International Community Law Review ◽

10.1163/187197308x356930 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 431-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Gerardo Munarriz

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Latin American ◽

Indigenous Communities ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Legal Reforms ◽

The World Bank ◽

Development Policies ◽

The World ◽

AbstractRelying on critical legal approaches, in particular TWAIL and the work of Indigenous scholars, this paper analyzes the extent to which the World Bank's notion of "development" and its promotion of the expansion of market-based legal reforms in Latin American countries have benefited transnational corporations (TNCs) to the detriment of Indigenous Peoples. It argues that the World Bank's policy-based lending programmes and market-oriented legal framework since 1980 have contributed to an expansion of corporate mining activities, which have caused not only forced displacement and further impoverishment of numerous Indigenous communities but have also directly contributed to the destruction of their cultures and the environment they inhabit. Furthermore, the World Bank's normative operational policies and practices on issues affecting Indigenous Peoples have provided a legal framework and mechanisms that "manage" affected Indigenous communities in ways that further the dispossession of their lands and natural resources.

INNOVATION EFFORTS OF COMPANIES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i7.2021.4075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 100-121

Author(s):

Anderson Freitas dos Santos ◽

Vitor da Silva Bittencourt ◽

Priscila Rezende da Costa ◽

Rony Castro Fernandes de Sousa

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

World Bank ◽

Latin American ◽

Size Perception ◽

Unit Of Analysis ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

First Time ◽

Number Of Firms

In this study we examine the innovation efforts, accelerated internationalization, and relational triggers of companies in Latin American countries. It is the first time a study jointly and empirically assesses the perception of the seriousness of institutional obstacles and innovation efforts, considering as a unit of analysis a large number of firms from Latin American countries. We used a database from the World Bank (Environment Surveys) with 14,064 companies from 20 countries in Latin America, which answered questions related to their innovation efforts from 2006 to 2018. Introduction of new or significantly improved products and processes and investments in research and development (R&D) had the greatest validity and quality power in factor analysis performed for the construct “innovation efforts.” We observed positive patterns of correlation between age, size, perception of the seriousness of institutional obstacles and innovation efforts. The results contribute to the structuring of professionalization, expansion, and maturation programs for Latin American businesses.

Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America

Journal of Latin American Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022216x09005574 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 279-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

LEANDRO PRADOS DE LA ESCOSURA

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Economic Performance ◽

Western Europe ◽

The United States ◽

International Economy ◽

Long Run ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

AbstractIn this paper the economic performance of post-independence Latin America is assessed in comparative perspective. The release from the colonial fiscal burden was partly offset by higher costs of self-government, while the opening of independent Latin American countries to the international economy represented a handmaiden of growth. Regional disparities increased after independence, so generalisations about the region's long-run behaviour are not straightforward. However, on average, per capita income grew in Latin America, and although the region fell behind compared with the United States and Western Europe, it improved or maintained its position relative to the rest of the world. Thus the term ‘lost decades’ appears an unwarranted depiction of the period between 1820 and 1870.

Statement of Principle

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.85.2.226 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 226-227

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Child Health ◽

Latin American ◽

Task Force ◽

Child Survival ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

International Child ◽

The World ◽

Since its inception, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has been concerned with child health throughout the world. Although dramatic successes have been scored, the change of fundamental conditions necessary to produce major improvements in the lives and well being of children in many instances has not occurred. Morbidity and mortality rates for children remain tragically and unacceptably high. Low birth weight, malnutrition, preventable infections, waterborne diseases, diarrhea, alcohol and drug abuse, armed conflict, and other calamities take a heavy toll on children. Efforts to help stem the tide of disabling and lethal diseases in children have been mounted by many private, public, and multinational agencies. The AAP applauds and supports UNICEF, the Child Survival Programs, and other agencies in their efforts to promote mass immunizations, develop safe water supplies, improve nutrition, and foster the delivery of health services to children worldwide. The Academy believes the ultimate key to improving primary health care for all children is the development of partnerships in service, education, research, and advocacy by pediatricians throughout the world. To achieve this goal, a Task Force on International Child Health was established in 1987 to make and implement recommendations for improving global child health. The task force was recently assigned provisional committee status. The Academy's past international efforts have been principally focused in this hemisphere. Latin American countries were officially organized as districts and chapters in 1942, and a Committee on International Child Health was formed in the 1960s to facilitate collaboration between the United States and Latin American countries.

The Limits of Creditors' Rights: The Case of Third World Debt

Social Philosophy and Policy ◽

10.1017/s0265052500003629 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 114-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James W. Child

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Latin American ◽

Commercial Banks ◽

Third World ◽

Private Party ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Third World Debt ◽

The International Monetary Fund

At present, Third World countries owe over one trillion dollars to the developed Western nations; much of the debt is held by the leading international commercial banks. The debt of six Latin American countries alone — Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela — is over $330 billion, of which $240 billion is owed to commercial banks. Let us immediately narrow our focus to loans made by the major international commercial banks to Third World governments. We shall not be concerned with government-to-government loans, or private-party-to-private-party loans, or with debt owed to the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund. The bank-to-government loans — the so-called “sovereign loans” — are the most economically troublesome and morally interesting. The largest lenders, at least with respect to the Latin American countries, are the American banks Citibank, Chase Manhattan, Bank of America, Manufacturers Hanover, and Chemical Bank. About fifteen Third World countries have serious debt problems, including the largest: Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina.