Freedom

Privacy can nurture our ability to develop political beliefs, identities, and expression, and is thus an essential source of political power for citizens against the state. Privacy enables political freedom, letting us act as self-governing citizens, and it is hard to envision a functioning democracy without privacy. Many discussions of privacy and political freedom rely on Orwell’s metaphor of Big Brother, but that image is incomplete because it fails to include private-party surveillance. Surveillance of any kind, whether government or private, raises two particular dangers. First, surveillance threatens the intellectual privacy we need to make up our minds about political and social issues; being watched when we think, read, and communicate can cause us not to experiment with new, controversial, or deviant ideas. Second, surveillance changes the power dynamic between the watcher and the watched; the power surveillance gives to watchers creates risks of blackmail, discrimination, and coercive persuasion.

DELIVERY OF PUBLIC SERVICES BY LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT UNITS SUPPORTED BY PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

Contents included in this paper relate to problematic of delivery of public services on the principles of cooperation between public party and private party. The aim of this article comes down to assessment of development of public-private partnership in Poland from the realization of public services point of view. At the beginning of this consideration the role of self-government in process of satisfying common citizens’ needs has been highlighted. In this area particular attention has been paid to issue of public services, within which definition and their classification have been shown. Possibility of external entities’ participation in the process of public services realization has been also underlined. Emphasis has been placed on public-private partnership. In this context theoretical assumptions of this cooperation form have been presented, moreover current, national regulation and cooperation categories widespread in EU countries have been highlighted. Analysis of public-private partnership market in Poland with regard to contracts concluded in order to delivery of public services by local governments has been carried out. At the end conclusions and directions of further research have been indicated.

3. The multiple lives of arbitration

This chapter describes some of the main types of cases in which parties use arbitration. First, there are disputes that pit two countries one against the other, which can be referred to as ‘interstate’ or ‘international’ or sometimes ‘inter-governmental’ disputes. Then there are disputes between private parties: individuals in dispute with one another; individuals in dispute with companies; or companies in dispute with other companies. Legal scholars call these ‘private’ disputes. And, third, there are disputes between a private party, such as an individual or a company, and a government. In the field of dispute settlement, these types of disputes are known as ‘mixed’ disputes.

Effect of Price and Time on Private and Shared Transportation Network Company Trips

Transportation network companies (TNCs) offer two types of service: private-party ridehailing and shared ridehailing. Policymakers have an interest in encouraging shared over private ridehailing to promote more efficient use of the transportation network. While transportation researchers have analyzed ridehailing behavior before, there is limited literature describing the effect of price and time on a rider’s choice between private-party and shared ridehailing. This paper fills this gap by analyzing revealed preferences for private-party and shared ridehailing trips in 15 American cities coupled with a survey of 4,365 users of a large TNC that includes stated preference questions focused on various alternative options for their most recent trip choice. This study finds that an increase in the relative price difference of $1 per mile increases an individual’s probability of sharing by over 8%, while a decrease in the relative travel time difference of 1 min per mile increases the probability of sharing by over 33%. The survey results also show that that a sizable proportion of private-party TNC trips (approximately 35%) will be difficult or even impossible to convert to shared rides through a price-based incentive. Market segmentation analysis reveals user and trip types where price- and time-based incentives have a relatively greater effect on the choice between private and shared rides. Finally, heterogeneity in user time versus money trade-offs suggests new product possibilities that would increase TNC sharing.

DUT Guide to research presentations

Two of the most common mistakes made during the thousands and thousands of conference presentations held at conferences each year are: 1) the presenter forgets the purpose of the presentation (to inspire, communicate, get feedback and create a networks) and withdraws to a private party with his or her slides and presenter notes where the audience is essentially not needed. 2) The presenter makes the Cartesian divide between mind and body, and believes that body language, voice and interaction with the audience is unimportant when presenting scientific facts. This DUT Guide will take you through the six easy steps to better academic presentations.

Bares pé-na-areia e a farofada na praia: uma análise Durkheimiana das distinções público/ gratuito-privado/pago no litoral de Aracaju-SE

Neste artigo, desenvolvo uma Sociologia Econônomica do Litoral para analisara ocupação mercadológica da praia pelos bares pé-na-areia. Argumento que existem dois fenômenos que expressam o ato de comer e beber nas praias de Aracaju: a festa popular e a festa privada. A partir de observação direta, análise documental e entrevistas, este artigo caracteriza estes dois fenômenos em diálogo com a conceituação de festa e do respeito à propriedade privada do sociólogo Émile Durkheim. Concluo argumentando pela pertinência dequalifcar o ato de comer e beber na praia enquanto festa, cuja lógica de funcionamento se reconfgura e se torna complexa com a existência dos bares pé-na-areia, sobrepondo-se as oposições trabalho-lazer, ocultando-se a fnalidade econômica dos empreendimentos e, pela própria existência dos bares, evidenciando-se os conflitos do uso privado da praia, por consequência, darelação mercado e meio-ambiente. Palavras-chave: Sociologia econômica. Durkheim. Bares pé-na-areia. Festa. Mercado. BEACH BARS AND PICNIC AT THE BEACH: A DURKHEIMIAN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN PUBLIC/FREE OF CHARGE AND PRIVATE/PAID ON THE COAST OF ARACAJU/SEAbstractIn this article, weit was developed an Economic Sociology of the Coast to analyze the beach occupation by commerce focusing on beach bars as a case study. Two phenomena express the way people eat and drink while at the beaches of Aracaju: the free party and the private party. By direct observation, document analysis and interviews, this article characterizes these two phenomena in dialogue with the ideas of Émile Durkheim about the party and the source of respect for private property. In the conclusion, weit is argued about the relevance of qualifying these acts of eating and drinking on the beach as a party, in which the operating logic is reconfigured and becomes complex with the existence of beach bars, overlapping leisure-work oppositions, concealing predominantly economic rationales and, by the very existence ofthe beach bars, highlighting conflicts related to the private use of the beach, consequently, the relations between markets and environment.Keywords: Economic Sociology. Durkheim. Beach Bars. Party. Market.RésuméDans cet article, je développe une sociologie économique du littoral a partir de l’occupation commerciale de la plage par des bars à la plage. Il existe deux phénomènes qui expriment l’acte de manger et de boire sur les plages de Aracaju: la fête populaire et la fête privée. En utilisant l’observation directe, l’analyse de documents et des entrevues, cet article présente ces deux phénomènes en dialogue avec la conceptualisation de fête et du respect de la propriété privée du sociologue Émile Durkheim. Je conclus en faisant valoir la pertinence de considérer l’acte de manger et boire sur la plage comme de la fête dont la logique s’est reconfiguré et devient complexe par l’existence des bars à la plage qui coïncident les temps de loisirs et le travail, qui dissimulent leur objectif économique. Leur propre existence met en évidence des conflits de l’usage privé et public de la plage et, en conséquence, des conflits entre le marché et l’environnement.Mots-clés: Sociologie d’Économi. Durkheim. Bars à la plage. Fête. Marché.

Effect on background checks of newly-enacted comprehensive background check policies in Oregon and Washington: a synthetic control approach

Background Comprehensive background check (CBC) laws extend background check requirements to private party firearm transfers to prevent firearm acquisitions by prohibited persons. The aim of our study was to estimate the association between CBC policies and changes in background check rates for firearm acquisition in two states (Oregon and Washington) that have newly-enacted CBC policies. Methods We used data on handgun background checks from January 1999 to December 2018 from the National Instant Criminal Background Check System. Observed trends in exposed states were contrasted with counterfactual trends estimated with the synthetic control group method. Findings CBC policies were associated with increases in background checks in Oregon (by 18.0%; p = 0.074), but not in Washington (4%; p = 0.321). A gradual increase in private party checks was seen following enactment in Washington; however, firearm transactions coded as “private” represent less than 5% of total background checks in that state. Conclusions Comprehensive background check policies appear to be effective in increasing pre-firearm-sale background checks in Oregon but not in Washington. Differences appear to be related to variations in the proportion of firearm sales that are private party transfers and to gradual adaptation to the new law by private gun sellers.

Konsep Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 85/PUU-XI/2013

On 2013 Supreme court nullified Law Number 7 Year 2004 on water resources management, and reenacted Law Number 11 Year 1974 on irrigation. Law Number 7 Year 2004 considered to oppose Constitution because right to utilize water can be given to the private party or individual. Although, right to utilize water by private party have been constituted under Law Number 7 Year 2004 also have been nullified by Supreme Court; however it doesn’t close any possibilities for any private party or individual to be able to manage water resource, because on Law Number 11 Year 1974 constitute that legal entitiy, social enterprise or individual authorize to utilize water and/or water resource with certain requirement through gained permission from government. However, it is question; although Law Number 7 Year 2004 have been nullified but Law Number 11 Year 1974 still in place; though, both Laws constitute similar concept on water utilization.