Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Levy O’Flynn.
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Case ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
The Ideal

Referendums are now common in ‘conflict societies’—societies where a widespread and concerted campaign of violence between groups recently occurred, is occurring, or is liable to occur. In the ideal case, a peace referendum can secure consent for a new formal peace settlement among warring groups and provide the settlement with a popular mandate. In practice, however, settlements, once attained, may struggle to endure. Some may collapse entirely. Against this background we introduced what we call the ‘Deliberative Peace Referendum’, or ‘DPR’. A DPR is a purpose-designed deliberative referendum held under conditions of conflict. As this chapter recognizes, designing a referendum to be more deliberative is a challenge under any circumstances. It may be hardest of all amid armed intercommunal conflict.

Criteria and Methods for Reliable Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Finite Number ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
General Object ◽  
The Ideal

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.

The DQE of an electron image recording system

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
K.-H. Herrmann ◽  
D. Krahl ◽  
H.-P Rust
Keyword(s):  
Primary Electron ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
High Detection ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Video Amplifier ◽  
Detection Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

The high detection quantum efficiency (DQE) is the main requirement for an imagerecording system used in electron microscopy of radiation-sensitive specimens. An electronic TV system of the type shown in Fig. 1 fulfills these conditions and can be used for either analog or digital image storage and processing [1], Several sources of noise may reduce the DQE, and therefore a careful selection of various elements is imperative.The noise of target and of video amplifier can be neglected when the converter stages produce sufficient target electrons per incident primary electron. The required gain depends on the type of the tube and also on the type of the signal processing chosen. For EBS tubes, for example, it exceeds 10. The ideal case, in which all impinging electrons create uniform charge peaks at the target, is not obtainable for several reasons, and these will be discussed as they relate to a system with a scintillator, fiber-optic and photo-cathode combination as the first stage.

Generalization, similarity, and Bayesian inference

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Tenenbaum ◽  
Thomas L. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Decay Function ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Realistic Situation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Universal Law ◽  
The Ideal

Shepard has argued that a universal law should govern generalization across different domains of perception and cognition, as well as across organisms from different species or even different planets. Starting with some basic assumptions about natural kinds, he derived an exponential decay function as the form of the universal generalization gradient, which accords strikingly well with a wide range of empirical data. However, his original formulation applied only to the ideal case of generalization from a single encountered stimulus to a single novel stimulus, and for stimuli that can be represented as points in a continuous metric psychological space. Here we recast Shepard's theory in a more general Bayesian framework and show how this naturally extends his approach to the more realistic situation of generalizing from multiple consequential stimuli with arbitrary representational structure. Our framework also subsumes a version of Tversky's set-theoretic model of similarity, which is conventionally thought of as the primary alternative to Shepard's continuous metric space model of similarity and generalization. This unification allows us not only to draw deep parallels between the set-theoretic and spatial approaches, but also to significantly advance the explanatory power of set-theoretic models.

From Constitutionalism to War—and Back Again

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-334
Author(s):  
Arthur Ripstein
Keyword(s):  
War And Peace ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Kantian Theory ◽  
Theory Of War ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter presents Arthur Ripstein’s responses to the authors of the preceding chapters. The chapter follows the order of the contributions, and are divided broadly into responses to the papers in Part I concerning the ways in which facts matter to right, and the relation between the flawed world in which we find ourselves and the ideal case that Kant contemplates, and to those in Part II dealing with more specific issues in the Kantian theory of war and peace.

Practical Design of 4H-SiC Superjunction Devices in the Presence of Charge Imbalance

2018 ◽  
Vol 924 ◽  
pp. 563-567
Author(s):  
Md Monzurul Alam ◽  
Dallas T. Morisette ◽  
James A. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Drift Region ◽  
Charge Balance ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Charge Imbalance ◽  
Blocking Voltage ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

In the ideal case, superjunction (SJ) drift regions theoretically exhibit a linear relationship between specific-on resistance Ron,sp and blocking voltage VBR, but this requires perfect charge balance between the alternating n and p pillars. If any degree of imbalance exists, the relationship becomes quadratic, similar to a conventional drift region, although with somewhat improved performance. In this work, we analyze superjunction drift regions in 4H-SiC under realistic degrees of charge imbalance and show that, with proper design, a reduction in specific on-resistance of 2~10x is possible as long as the imbalance remains less than ±20%.

scholarly journals Influence of surface roughness on diffraction in the externally occulted Lyot solar coronagraph

2019 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. A1
Author(s):  
R. Rougeot ◽  
R. Flamary ◽  
D. Mary ◽  
C. Aime
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Solar Radius ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Scattering Effects ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Micro Structures ◽  
The Ideal

Context. The solar coronagraph ASPIICS will fly on the future ESA formation flying mission Proba-3. The instrument combines an external occulter of diameter 1.42 m and a Lyot solar coronagraph of 5 cm diameter, located downstream at a distance of 144 m. Aims. The theoretical performance of the externally occulted Lyot coronagraph has been computed by assuming perfect optics. In this paper, we improve related modelling by introducing roughness scattering effects from the telescope. We have computed the diffraction at the detector, that we compare to the ideal case without perturbation to estimate the performance degradation. We have also investigated the influence of sizing the internal occulter and the Lyot stop, and we performed a sensitivity analysis on the roughness. Methods. We have built on a recently published numerical model of diffraction propagation. The micro-structures of the telescope are built by filtering a white noise with a power spectral density following an isotropic ABC function, suggested by Harvey scatter theory. The parameters were tuned to fit experimental data measured on ASPIICS lenses. The computed wave front error was included in the Fresnel wave propagation of the coronagraph. A circular integration over the solar disk was performed to reconstruct the complete diffraction intensity. Results. The level of micro-roughness is 1.92 nm root-mean-square. Compared to the ideal case, in the plane of the internal occulter, the diffraction peak intensity is reduced by ≃0.001%. However, the intensity outside the peak increases by 12% on average, up to 20% at 3 R⊙, where the mask does not filter out the diffraction. At detector level, the diffraction peak remains ≃10−6 at 1.1 R⊙, similar to the ideal case, but the diffraction tail at large solar radius is much higher, up to one order of magnitude. Sizing the internal occulter and the Lyot stop does not improve the rejection, as opposed to the ideal case. Conclusions. Besides these results, this paper provides a methodology to implement roughness scattering in the wave propagation model for the solar coronagraph.

Performance Simulation of the SCTP under the Multi Path Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 1174-1177
Author(s):  
Ya Qin Fan ◽  
Shu Ting Liu ◽  
Chi Li
Keyword(s):  
Practical Significance ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Performance Simulation ◽  
Tcp Protocol ◽  
Multiple Paths ◽  
Multiple Network ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Basic Standard ◽  
The Ideal

This paper studies the basic features and functions of STCP. The traditional TCP protocol and the basic standard SCTP protocols are simulated respectively. We analysis that when the host has multiple network addresses and there are multiple paths between ends, how do the STCP protocol and TCP protocol perform. For practical implementation, using CWND size parameters show performance of multi path transmission in practice, and compare with the ideal case. The results of the simulation and analysis of multi path transmission under the SCTP agreement have practical significance in the future network with multi path transmission.

“Unity of Religious History” and “Universal Self-Consciousness”: Leading Concepts or Mere Horizons on the Way Towards a World Theology?

1988 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-444
Author(s):  
Michael Welker
Keyword(s):  
Religious History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Theoretical Orientations ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Way

It is a familiar fact that it is difficult for revolutionary “worldviews” to gain recognition and acceptance. The most successful way to overcome this problem was termed by Hegel Aufhebung. In the ideal case envisaged by Hegel, Aufhebung says that the new “worldview,” or the theory which articulates that worldview, reconstructs within itself elements of the old perspective on the world, together with a critique of that perspective. However, the preservation of old worldviews in new theories can also take a more straightforward form. Only rarely do new worldviews emerge thoroughly developed. As a rule they continue to employ numerous leading concepts which belong to the older tradition. Only after a relatively long period of time are the old leading concepts replaced or reformulated—or, on the other hand, is the new theory withdrawn. We are well acquainted with such a course of events. But that does not prevent us from living de facto with theoretical orientations towards the world which represent mixed forms of old and new theories. We simultaneously employ new perspectives and old observations, new forms of thought and old theses. We think that we can enjoy the new cake and still eat the old one. This situation usually leads us to form an unrealistic picture of the power of the newer worldview. We fail to recognize the fact that new worldviews, as a rule, substantially overextend their credit. The dangers of granting too much credit to these new conceptions are seldom seen clearly and are often underestimated.

scholarly journals Treatment of non-ideality in the multiphase model SPACCIM-Part2: Impacts on the multiphase chemical processing in deliquesced aerosol particles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad J. Rusumdar ◽  
Andreas Tilgner ◽  
Ralf Wolke ◽  
Hartmut Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Ideal Solutions ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Aqueous Aerosols

Abstract. Tropospheric deliquesced particles are characterised by concentrated non-ideal solutions (aerosol liquid water or ALW) that can affect the occurring multiphase chemistry. However, such non-ideal solution effects have generally not yet been considered in and investigated by current complex multiphase chemistry models in an adequate way. Therefore, the present study aims at accessing the impact of non-ideality on multiphase chemical processing in concentrated aqueous aerosols. Simulations with the multiphase chemistry model (SPACCIM-SpactMod) are performed in different environmental and microphysical conditions with and without a treatment of non-ideal solutions in order to assess its impact on aqueous-phase chemical processing. The present study shows that activity coefficients of inorganic ions are often below unity under 90 % RH-deliquesced aerosol conditions, and that most uncharged organic compounds exhibit activity coefficient values of around or even above unity. Due to this behaviour, model studies have revealed that the inclusion of non-ideality considerably affects the multiphase chemical processing of transition metal ions (TMIs), oxidants, and related chemical subsystems such as organic chemistry. In detail, both the chemical formation and oxidation fluxes of Fe(II) are substantially lowered by a factor of 2.8 in the non-ideal base case compared to the ideal case. The reduced Fe(II) processing in the non-ideal base case, including lowered chemical fluxes of the Fenton reaction (−70 %), leads to a reduced processing of HOx/HOy. under deliquesced aerosol conditions. Consequently, higher multiphase H2O2 concentrations (larger by a factor of 3.1) and lower aqueous-phase OH concentrations (lower by a factor of ≈ 4) are modelled during non-cloud periods. For H2O2, a comparison of the chemical reaction fluxes reveals that the most important sink, the reaction with HSO3−, contributes with a 40 % higher flux in the non-ideal base case than in the ideal case, leading to more efficient sulfate formation. On the other hand, the chemical fluxes of the OH radical are about 50 % lower in the non-ideal base case than in the ideal case, including lower degradation fluxes of organic aerosol components. Thus, considering non-ideality influences the chemical processing and the concentrations of organic compounds under deliquesced particle conditions in a compound-specific manner. For example, the reduced oxidation budget under deliquesced particle conditions leads to both increased and decreased concentration levels, e.g. of important C2/C3 carboxylic acids. For oxalic acid, the present study demonstrates that the non-ideality treatment enables more realistic predictions of high oxalate concentrations than observed under ambient highly polluted conditions. Furthermore, the simulations implicate that lower humidity conditions, i.e. more concentrated solutions, might promote higher oxalic acid concentration levels in aqueous aerosols due to differently affected formation and degradation processes.

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