Diverse Threats, Diverse Responses

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-202
Author(s):  
Andrea Ghiselli
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Chinese Military ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Operations Other Than War ◽  
New Situation

As the Chinese leadership became more aware of the threats to the country’s interests overseas, this chapter shows that the different agencies under their control started to change and adapt. While the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the first to undergo significant change as great efforts were made to establish and strengthen the consular protection system, the Chinese Communist Party set up the Central National Security Commission in order to improve inter-agency coordination to respond to non-traditional security threats overseas. Even state-owned companies tried to adapt to the new situation and, in an interesting twist, they attempted (and failed) to lobby the government in order revise and expand the legislation. Naturally, the People’s Liberation Army, too, had to change. The analysis of the institutional and doctrinal evolution of the Chinese military reveals the marked sophistication of the thinking about Military Operations Other Than War overseas and the growing preparation to carry them out in the post-2011 period.

4. How the UK is organised

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-99
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
National Security ◽  
Central Government ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Government Power ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

This chapter details how power is allocated in the UK, and its organisation in terms of devolution and regional and local government. Power in the UK is divided into three branches or arms of state: legislature (law-makers), executive (government and administration), and judiciary (courts and judges). Before devolution, the government’s (executive’s) administrative power was centralised and it extended to the whole of the UK, but devolution has made significant changes to the constitution and has brought a substantial rebalancing of power in the government of the UK. Since devolution’s introduction, the power of central government no longer extends to the growing areas of domestic policy that have been devolved to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK government’s remit therefore now covers England and the whole of the UK on non-devolved matters including the conduct of foreign affairs, defence, national security, and oversight of the Civil Service and government agencies.

12. The executive

2021 ◽  
pp. 271-302
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ministerial Power

This chapter discusses the executive, the administrative branch of government which creates and executes policy, and implements laws. It specifically focuses on the organisation of central government in the UK. Central government in the UK carries out day-to-day administration in relation to England and the whole of the UK on non-devolved matters. Its functions include the conduct of foreign affairs, defence, national security, and oversight of the Civil Service and government agencies. Central government essentially consists of the government and Civil Service but modern government is extensive, multi-layered, and complex. The chapter then studies the sources of ministerial power. Ministers’ legal authority to act can derive from statute, common law, or royal prerogative. The royal prerogative is a source of power which is ‘only available for a case not covered by statute’.

Foreign NGOs in China in the Context of a Global Civil Society—With a Discussion of the Internationalization of Chinese NGOs

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Han Junkui
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Global Civil Society ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
Chinese Ngos ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Global civil society should be set up with NGOs and similar entities as organizational vectors, based on cross-border and trans-regional movements that have sprung out of the Millennium Development Goals. In this context, at the same time that foreign NGOs have made contributions to China, they have also encountered a number of obstacles. In the process of providing assistance to the government they have had to deal with the problem of a number of challenges and risks affecting sovereign states. As for Chinese NGOs, we need the help of foreign services to affect public diplomacy and improve China’s public image, however these activities are still in their early stages. Foreign Affairs is no trivial matter. Research into and the formulation of dedicated, specialized methods of administration and service of both external and internal entities urgently needs to be put on the agenda.

4. How the UK is organised

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-96
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
National Security ◽  
Central Government ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Government Power ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

This chapter details how power is allocated in the UK, and its organisation in terms of devolution and regional and local government. Power in the UK is divided into three branches or arms of state: legislature (law-makers), executive (government and administration), and judiciary (courts and judges). Before devolution, the government's (executive's) administrative power was centralised and it extended to the whole of the UK, but devolution has made significant changes to the constitution and has brought a substantial rebalancing of power in the government of the UK. Since devolution's introduction, the power of central government no longer extends to the growing areas of domestic policy that have been devolved to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK government's remit therefore now covers England and the whole of the UK on non-devolved matters including the conduct of foreign affairs, defence, national security, and oversight of the Civil Service and government agencies.

The Military Role in China's Foreign Policy-Making

2014 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Ji YOU
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Top Down ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
The Military

The PLA role in China's foreign policy is integral and deep. Politically it follows overall civilian primacy in foreign policy-making. Militarily the PLA sticks to assertiveness/war aversion dynamics in tackling external security threats, especially over territorial disputes. Functionally, the PLA abides by a top-down division of labour with diplomats. The PLA role in foreign policy-making can be overtly influential, as national/security/military-related foreign affairs are generally more important.

scholarly journals Buddhist Revival under State Watch

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Laliberté
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Vested Interest ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
The Government

The Chinese Communist Party has shown tolerance, if not direct support, for the growth of Buddhism over the last few decades. Three explanations for this lenient attitude are explored in this article. The flourishing of Buddhism is encouraged by the state less for its propaganda value in foreign affairs than for its potential to lure tourists who will, in turn, represent a source of revenue for local governments. Buddhist institutions are also establishing their track record in the management of philanthropic activities in impoverished area where local governments lack the resources to offer specific social services. Finally, the development of such activities has contributed to enhance cooperation between China and Taiwan, whose governments have a vested interest in the improvement of relations across the Strait. The article concludes that the growth of Buddhism in China results from the initiatives of Buddhists themselves, and the government supports this growth because it serves local politics well.

scholarly journals Pencitraan “Aman dan Damai” pada Aksi Reuni 212

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mochammad Irfan Mochammad irfan achfandhy
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Online News ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Framing Analysis ◽  
News Framing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Construction Model ◽  
Analyze Data

The mass demonstration of Aksi Reuni 212 attracted large amount of controversy among Indonesian people due news framing of media which signify some aspects and suppress other aspects of the event thus effectively making the coverage subjective. This article aims at understanding the construction of news framing on the subject of Aksi Reuni 212, especially regarding the process of securing permission to perform the mass demonstration, by online news portals Detik.com and Liputan6.com. It also aims at revealing the differences between the two news portals regarding their news framing construction. Model of framing analysis by William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani is applied to analyze data in interpretative and qualitative manner. Findings reveal that news coverages from Detik.com were more inclined to the preparedness of the government to deal with risks pertaining to national security posed by the event. Liputan6.com, on the other hands, framed the event of Aksi Reuni 212 as a regular, instead of extraordinary, demonstration event that does not need special attention regarding security threats it might brought. Despite differences in terms of how they framed the event, both news portals framed the event positively.Keywords: Aksi Reuni 212, image, and online media.

12. The executive

2019 ◽  
pp. 255-287
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ministerial Power

This chapter discusses the executive, the administrative branch of government which creates and executes policy, and implements laws. It specifically focuses on the organisation of central government in the UK. Central government in the UK carries out day-to-day administration in relation to England and the whole of the UK on non-devolved matters. Its functions include the conduct of foreign affairs, defence, national security, and oversight of the Civil Service and government agencies. Central government essentially consists of the government and Civil Service but modern government is extensive, multi-layered, and complex. The chapter then studies the sources of ministerial power. Ministers' legal authority to act can derive from statute, common law, or royal prerogative. The royal prerogative is a source of power which is ‘only available for a case not covered by statute’.

Organizational preparation of central public administration bodies to manage the implementation of defense tasks Part III. Concept of tasks and organization of the organisational units of administrative offices of chief bodies of government administration for the management of the implementation of defence tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-679
Author(s):  
Waldemar Kitler
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Economic Crime ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
Continuous State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Council Of Ministers

Such bodies as the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister and ministers in charge of departments of government administration, in order to exercise competencies in the field of defence, should have the ability to perform administrative functions to satisfy missions, goals and tasks in this matter assigned to them by the legislator. Their authority and duties in the defence field are closely related to their authority and duties in other areas of national security, so there is a need to arrange the organisational units set up for this purpose in such a way that their scope of action includes matters corresponding to the authority’s competence in the field of national security and defence, taken as a whole. Given the rank of the Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister in Poland, and their competencies in the area of national security, urgent changes are required to adapt the organisational units of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister (KPRM), and above all the Government Centre for Security (RCB). The RCB needs to be transformed so that it is able to fulfil the role of a national security and defence headquarters under the Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister. It would be an analytical-planning-coordination office, ensuring staff coordination of coherent, uninterrupted and continuous state activities in the field of state security and defence. Innovation in this respect would be accompanied by minor changes in the jurisdiction and structure of the organisational units comprising the KPRM. Following this, given the existing needs identified in the previous articles in this series, it seems necessary to make changes in ministries to implement a unified model of a national security organisational unit (e.g. Department for Security and Defence Affairs). In principle, these units should have similar missions and composition in all ministries, but some reasonable exceptions would occur in the Ministry of National Defence and the Ministry of the Interior and Administration. In others, there are and should be separate departments specific to those ministries (e.g. combating economic crime, international security policy, nature conservation, air protection and others).

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