Epistemic Reasons as Right-Kind Reasons

Reasons First ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146-167
Author(s):  
Mark Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
General Question ◽  
Epistemic Reasons ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Alternative Idea

Chapter 7 takes up the question of how we can determine whether some putative reasons for or against belief count as epistemic or not. It is argued that this is a special case of a much broader question as to how we can determine whether some putative reasons for or against any attitude count as bearing on the distinctive rationality of that kind of attitude, and that answers to the narrower question about belief should be informed by answers to the broader question about attitudes in general. The object-given/state-given theory is introduced as a prominent candidate to answer the general question, but shown to be inadequate. The alternative idea that the right-kind/wrong-kind distinction for each attitude derives from the nature of that attitude is defended and illustrated with representative cases. Finally, the implications of this account of the right-kind/wrong-kind distinction are drawn out for the case of belief by showing how different plausible theories of the nature of belief can result in different plausible answers to which of the reasons against belief identified in Chapter 6 are genuinely epistemic.

Industry-Sponsored Medical Education — In the Quest for Professional Integrity and Legal Certainty

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-319
Author(s):  
Benedikt Buchner
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
General Question ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
European Directive ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Advertising Law ◽  
The Right

AbstractIndustry-sponsored medical education is a much disputed issue. So far, there has been no regulatory framework which provides clear and definite rules as to whether and under what circumstances the sponsorship of medical education is acceptable. State regulation does not exist, or confines itself to a very general principle. Professional regulation, even though applied frequently, is rather vague and indefinite, raising the general question as to whether self-regulation is the right approach at all. Certainly, self-regulation by industry cannot and should not replace other regulatory approaches. Ultimately, advertising law in general and the European Directive 2001/83/EC specifically, might be a good starting point in providing legal certainty and ensuring the independence of medical education. Swiss advertising law illustrates how the principles of the European Directive could be implemented clearly and unambiguously.

scholarly journals Certain disputed issues related to the preemption right

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Radenka Cvetić
Keyword(s):  
General Question ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

At one time there was a law in the Republic of Serbia ordering the court to check ex officio at the time of certification of the contract of sale of immovableness, whether the statutory preemption right has been respected. There is no such law since 1998, but the current Law on sale of immovable leaves a possibility of interpretation in favor of existence of a public protection of the preemption right. For this reason, the author, in the first section of her work, poses a general question: should there be a protection of the preemption right ex officio, or should such protection be available only at the request of the authorized person. In the second section of her work, the author draws attention to the necessity of existence of adequate rules that would prevent evasion of the preemption right, as well as the need to regulate precisely the legal effects of a request seeking protection of this right in case of breach of the right of priority.

Henry James's Capricciosa: Christina Light in Roderick Hudson and The Princess Casamassima

PMLA ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Grenander
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
Train Of Thought ◽  
Special Case

In recent years, critical attention has focussed increasingly on The Princess Casamassima, Henry James's novel of the international revolutionary movement seething beneath the surface of society. The sad wisdom of the mid-twentieth century no longer finds incredible the plot earlier critics dismissed as footling melodrama; and with a recognition of its probability, students of James have undertaken a re-examination of the whole novel. Oddly enough, however, little attention has been paid to its reliance on Roderick Hudson, where the Princess Casamassima first appears. The one significant exception has been a short essay by Louise Bogan, though Christina's complexity and interest have attracted other writers. Yet Roderick Hudson deserves study for its own merits; and, as Miss Bogan has pointed out, the character of the Princess is difficult to interpret unless one also remembers her as Christina Light. It is not true, as Miss Bogan asserts (p. 472), that Christina is “the only figure [James] ever ‘revived’ and carried from one book to another,” for not only do Madame Grandoni and the Prince Casamassima share her transposition; the sculptor Gloriani, who makes his debut in Roderick Hudson, reappears in The Ambassadors. But it is true, as Cargill more accurately points out (p. 108), that “Christina is the only major [italics mine] character that James ever revived from an earlier work,” for he questioned the wisdom of indulging wholesale the writer's “revivalist impulse” to “go on with a character.” Hence Christina Light must have struck him as a very special case. He tells us that he felt, “toward the end of ‘Roderick,‘ that the Princess Casamassima had been launched, that, wound-up with the right silver key, she would go on a certain time by the motion communicated” (AN, p. 18). In the Preface to The Princess Casamassima he continues this train of thought: Christina Light, “extremely disponible” and knowing herself “striking, in the earlier connexion,… couldn't resign herself not to strike again” (AN, pp. 73, 74).

scholarly journals On the cause of hierarchical order among the correlation coefficients of a number of variates taken in pairs

1919 ◽  
Vol 95 (671) ◽  
pp. 400-408 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
General Question ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
Total Correlation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mental Tests

The object of this paper is to investigate the cause of a phenomenon in the realm of chance, which has become technically known as hierarchical order among correlation coefficients, and has been held to prove the existence of a general factor running through the correlated varieties, and the absence of group factors running through some but not through all of them. The question arose in the science of experimental psychology, but it is here, after the introductory paragraphs, considered as a general question in probability. When mental tests are applied to a number of subjects, and the correlations between the marks are calculated for every possible pair of tests, the correlation coefficients obtained show, as a rule, a tendency to arrange themselves in hierarchical order. By this is meant that the order of sequence of the mental tests, according to the size of the correlation of each with a fixed one of their number, proves to be largely independent of the choice of this latter. If the mental tests, which we may call by the names x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,..., have been arranged in order according to the total correlation of each with all the others, and if a square table such as the following be formed:— then the hierarchical order shows itself in the fact that there is a tendency for each correlation coefficient r to be greater than its neighbour on the right and its neighbour below it. A method, which has been used for measuring the degree of perfection of the hierarchical order, is to take the correlation of each pair of columns of the above table. Clearly, if hierarchical order is present, all these correlations will be high, and in the most perfect case will become unity.

The Radical Right in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Backes
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Constitutional State ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Case

This chapter analyzes and compares political developments in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It highlights the common ground between groups on the right-wing fringe of each country’s party system. To an extent the differences between the way right-wing groups developed in each of these countries is due to the different histories of the respective states. Recently however, they have moved closer to each other in the face of very similar problems. To a degree Switzerland is a special case because of its multilingual cantons and the early development of a pluralist civic culture that sustains an extraordinarily dynamic democratic constitutional state. This is particularly true given the autocratic relapses toward right-wing politics in neighboring German-speaking countries.

scholarly journals Congruences induced by transitive representations of inverse semigroups

1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Petrich ◽  
Stuart Rankin
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Inverse Semigroup ◽  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Transitive Group ◽  
Inverse Semigroups ◽  
Group Representations ◽  
Symmetric Inverse Semigroup ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Case

Transitive group representations have their analogue for inverse semigroups as discovered by Schein [7]. The right cosets in the group case find their counterpart in the right ω-cosets and the symmetric inverse semigroup plays the role of the symmetric group. The general theory developed by Schein admits a special case discovered independently by Ponizovskiǐ [4] and Reilly [5]. For a discussion of this topic, see [1, §7.3] and [2, Chapter IV].

scholarly journals On the solution of two-sided fractional ordinary differential equations of Caputo type

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma. Elena Hernández-Hernández ◽  
Vassili N. Kolokoltsov
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Ordinary Differential Equations ◽  
Fractional Differential Equations ◽  
Well Posedness ◽  
Solutions To Equations ◽  
Fractional Differential ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stochastic Representations ◽  
Exit Problems ◽  
Special Case

AbstractThis paper provides well-posedness results and stochastic representations for the solutions to equations involving both the right- and the left-sided generalized operators of Caputo type. As a special case, these results show the interplay between two-sided fractional differential equations and two-sided exit problems for certain Lévy processes.

scholarly journals Age at introduction of solid foods and feeding difficulties in childhood: findings from the Southampton Women’s Survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hollis ◽  
S. R. Crozier ◽  
H. M. Inskip ◽  
C. Cooper ◽  
K. M. Godfrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Question ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Potential Child ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Feeding Difficulty ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Right

AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether age at introduction of solid foods was associated with feeding difficulties at 3 years of age. The present study was carried out using data from the Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS). Women enrolled in the SWS who subsequently became pregnant were followed-up during pregnancy and postpartum, and the offspring have been studied through childhood. Maternal socio-demographic and anthropometric data and child anthropometric and feeding data were collected through interviews and self-administered questionnaires. When the children were 3 years of age, mothers/carers rated six potential child feeding difficulty questions on a four-point Likert scale, including one general question and five specific feeding difficulty questions. Age at introduction of solids as a predictor of feeding difficulties was examined in 2389 mother–child pairs, adjusting for child (age last breast fed, sex, gestation) and maternal characteristics (parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, age, education, employment, parenting difficulties, diet quality). The majority of mothers/carers (61 %) reported some feeding difficulties (general feeding difficulty question) at 3 years of age, specifically with their child eating enough food (61 %), eating the right food (66 %) and being choosy with food (74 %). Children who were introduced to solids ≥6 months had a lower risk of feeding difficulties (RR 0·73; 95 % CI 0·59, 0·91, P=0·004) than children who were introduced to solids between 4 and 6 months. No other significant associations were found. There were few associations between feeding difficulties in relation to age at introduction of solid foods. However, general feeding difficulties were less common among infants introduced to solid foods ≥6 months of age.

Gentzen's Proof of Normalization for Natural Deduction

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan von Plato
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Sequent Calculus ◽  
Direct Proof ◽  
Cut Elimination ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Detailed Proof ◽  
Normalization Theorem ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Case

AbstractGentzen writes in the published version of his doctoral thesis Untersuchungen über das logische Schliessen (Investigations into logical reasoning) that he was able to prove the normalization theorem only for intuitionistic natural deduction, but not for classical. To cover the latter, he developed classical sequent calculus and proved a corresponding theorem, the famous cut elimination result. Its proof was organized so that a cut elimination result for an intuitionistic sequent calculus came out as a special case, namely the one in which the sequents have at most one formula in the right, succedent part. Thus, there was no need for a direct proof of normalization for intuitionistic natural deduction. The only traces of such a proof in the published thesis are some convertibilities, such as when an implication introduction is followed by an implication elimination [1934–35, II.5.13]. It remained to Dag Prawitz in 1965 to work out a proof of normalization. Another, less known proof was given also in 1965 by Andres Raggio.We found in February 2005 an early handwritten version of Gentzen's thesis, with exactly the above title, but with rather different contents: Most remarkably, it contains a detailed proof of normalization for what became the standard system of natural deduction. The manuscript is located in the Paul Bernays collection at the ETH-Zurichwith the signum Hs. 974: 271. Bernays must have gotten it well before the time of his being expelled from Göttingen on the basis of the racial laws in April 1933.

Empirical Tests Demonstrating Two Coexisting Sources of Tinnitus

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Female Subject ◽  
Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Case

Empirical tests for a relation between tinnitus and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) have been previously presented (Penner & Burns, 1987). Modification of these tests, however, is necessary for the special case reported here in which a female subject has tinnitus consisting of an annoying SOAE in the right ear and tinnitus unrelated to SOAEs in the left ear. This case is of interest because it provides a forum for extending the tests of Penner and Burns (1987) and because the extended tests can be used to prove that one subject's tinnitus can have two distinct sources.

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