Final Thoughts

2021 ◽  
pp. 228-252
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Culture Change ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Graph Type ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Variational Evolution ◽  
Over Time

Graphs are analytical tools and communication tools, and they summarize visually what has been learned. Granting that a major purpose of archaeology is to document and explain culture change, it is odd that the hows and whys of graphing culture change have received minimal attention in the archaeology literature. Spindle graphs will likely continue to be the most frequently used graph type for diagraming change, but continued development of computer software may result in new graph types and styles. Recent modifications to spindle graphs include scaling bar thickness to temporal duration of the represented assemblage. Classic data on temporal change in kaolin pipe stem hole diameters can be graphed using a regression line, a bar graph, and a spindle graph; the different graphs highlight that how phenomena are classified, how data are graphed, and one’s theory of change are mutually influential. Deciding which graph type to use in any particular situation will depend on what the researcher hopes to illustrate, along with the goal to produce a readily deciphered graph. The majority of archaeological graphs that appeared in the twentieth century depict variational evolution. Once developed in the late 1940s, spindle graphs quickly became the graph type preferred by North American archaeologists. There is weak circumstantial evidence archaeologists may have borrowed the idea of spindle graphs from paleontology, but it seems more likely the idea was stumbled upon by early archaeologists who perceived unimodal pulses in artifact frequencies over time and developed general models of those pulses.

Observations on Graphing Prehistory

2021 ◽  
pp. 204-227
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Culture Change ◽  
Transformational Change ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Perfect Models

Despite years of graphing culture change using different types and styles of diagram, there is minimal discussion of graph grammar—how to construct an effective and efficient graph, and how to decipher a graph of change. Part of the difficulty attending graph decipherment resided in (and continues to reside in) unclear distinction of transformational change from variational change. Models reflecting the former tend to be commonsensical and are similar to Petrie’s classic sequence dating graphs. The difficulty of graph decipherment is exacerbated by parsing temporally continuous variation into discontinuous spatio-temporally bounded units known as artifact types, cultures, phases, periods, stages, etc. These units are reified and (implicitly) conceived as real entities to be discovered for want of a well-developed theory of change and an attendant ontology of how continuously variable phenomena should be parsed into types for analysis. Archaeologists did perfect models of diffusion—the movement of culture traits (ideas or norms manifest as artifact types) across space over time—and built models of how it should be reflected in the archaeological record. A majority of introductory archaeology textbooks published since 1965 typically present graphs of culture change in the form of a spindle graph but with minimal discussion of graph grammar. Texts on regional or continental prehistory typically summarize culture change in spatio-temporal rectangle diagrams, which for pedagogical reasons may be reasonable. A few spindle graphs have been published in other disciplines and, like archaeological spindles, display temporally shifting frequencies.

An Evaluative Framework

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-48
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Culture Change ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Franz Boas ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Measure Change ◽  
Theories Of Change ◽  
Variational Evolution

North American anthropologists and archaeologists have long confused the Midas-touch-like transformational evolution of Lewis Henry Morgan, Edward B. Tylor, and Herbert Spencer with the variational evolution of Charles Darwin. Following Franz Boas, evolution as a theory of change was allegedly discarded by North American anthropologists and archaeologists at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, they used the term “development” instead of “evolution” and spoke of culture change in evolutionary terms, often mixing elements of the theories and ontologies of transformational and variational evolution. Documenting culture change under variational evolution demands the materialist paradox be circumvented. This paradox highlights the question: How do we measure change in continuously variable phenomena? Paleontologists adopted the approach that each population of organisms is polymorphic; individuals are members of the same species but formally variable. Paleontologists compare central tendencies of temporally sequent populations, or chronospecies. Archaeologists who undertook frequency seriations adopted an approach that focuses on morphospecies, forms or types that occur in two or more temporally sequent populations. The occurrence of multiple types per temporal period highlights the variation upon which a sorting mechanism such as selection works, and the occurrence of one or more types in each of two or more temporally sequent assemblages provides evidence of connection between them required of studies of change. Recognizing that graph types, how phenomena are parsed into types, and theories of change are mutually influential allows evaluation of archaeological graphs of change in terms of their implied theories and ontologies.

Towards MDA Software Evolution

2010 ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
Liliana María Favre
Keyword(s):  
Software Evolution ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
The Other ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Software Engineering Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses software evolution, challenges and strategic directions in the context of MDA. Various authors agreed that it is difficult to define completely software and then, software evolution. Software is certainly more that bits stored in a file, it is an abstract idea that encompasses the concepts, algorithms embodied in the implementation as well as all its associated artifacts and processes. Research seems to confirm that computer software and process software have much in common. Osterweil (2003) assures that software processes are software too. In other paper (Osterweil, 2007), he suggests analyzing the nature of software and proposes to define taxonomies for exploring characteristics and approaches to the development, verification of qualities and software evolution. The exploration of these questions is an important current of software engineering research. On the other hand, evolution is defined as a process of gradual change and development from fewer and simpler forms to higher, more complex, or better ones. In biology, evolution is related to develop over time often many generations, into forms that are better adapted to survive changes in their environment. Thus, evolution captures the notion of something improving and changes occur in species in successive generations, i.e. individuals get old and species evolve. Jazayeri (2005) analyzes the definition of software evolution. The concept of “specie” in software may be associated to meta-levels describing families (species) of software systems. These meta-levels or architectures are created as improvements to previous existing ones and describe evolved families of software systems.

scholarly journals Against Common Assumptions, the World’s Shark Bite Rates Are Decreasing

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Erich Ritter ◽  
Raid Amin ◽  
Kevin Cahn ◽  
Jonathan Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Us ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
Over Time

The trends of the world’s top ten countries relating to shark bite rates, defined as the ratio of the annual number of shark bites of a country and its resident human population, were analyzed for the period 2000-2016. A nonparametric permutation-based methodology was used to determine whether the slope of the regression line of a country remained constant over time or whether so-called joinpoints, a core feature of the statistical software Joinpoint, occurred, at which the slope changes and a better fit could be obtained by applying a straight-line model. More than 90% of all shark bite incidents occurred along the US, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand coasts. Since three of these coasts showed a negative trend when transformed into bite rates, the overall global trend is decreasing. Potential reasons for this decrease in shark bite rates—besides an increase in the world’s human population, resulting in more beach going people, and a decrease of sharks due to overfishing—are discussed.

American Political Development from Citizens' Perspective: Tracking Federal Government's Presence in Individual Lives over Time

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Mettler ◽  
Andrew Milstein
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Although scholars of American political development (APD) have helped transform many aspects of the study of U.S. politics over the last quarter-century, they have barely begun to use the powerful analytical tools of this approach to elucidate the relationship between government and citizens. APD research has probed deeply into the processes of state-building and the creation and implementation of specific policies, yet has given little attention to how such development affects the lives of individuals and the ways in which they relate to government. Studies routinely illuminate how policies influence the political roles of elites and organized groups, but barely touch on how the state shapes the experiences and responses of ordinary individuals. As a result, we know little about how governance has influenced citizenship over time or how those changes have, in turn, affected politics.

Relation between oxygen consumption and pressure-volume area of in situ dog heart

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nozawa ◽  
Y. Yasumura ◽  
S. Futaki ◽  
N. Tanaka ◽  
Y. Igarashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Dog Heart ◽  
Data Points

Page H31: T. Nozawa, Y. Yasumura, S. Futaki, N. Tanaka, Y. Igarashi, Y. Goto, and H. Suga. “Relation between oxygen consumption and pressure-volume area of in situ dog heart.” Page H37: Fig. 6: Although the last sentence of the legend states “Solid lines are linear regression lines, and inner and outer pairs of dashed curves around them are 95% confidence limits of regression lines and data points, respectively,” these dashed lines show one standard deviation of both the slope of the regression line and the sampled data from the regression line. The authors forgot to multiply these standard deviation values by t value (2.069 for degrees of freedom = 23) for P le 0.05 in the computer software to obtain the 95% confidence limits. The other statistical results in Fig. 6 are correct.

Going Underground

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. McAlpine
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Online Community ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Software Protection ◽  
Computer Hacking ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Natural Home ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Digital Artists

This chapter charts the birth and growth of the demoscene, an online community of digital artists and musicians who create and share real-time procedural artworks. Part of the digital underground, the ethos was, and remains, one of pushing systems to their limits and so became a natural home for chiptune. The chapter begins by exploring the roots of the demoscene in the computer hacking scene of 1970s California, a community who believed strongly that computer software should be free. As software protection systems were introduced to prevent unauthorized copying, highly skilled ‘crackers’ removed them, highlighting their achievements with elaborate audiovisual digital graffiti. Over time, competition to create the most extravagant artwork and music became an end in itself, creating the demoscene. Today, this vibrant community thrives and has become bigger and slicker than ever, although, as some interviewees suggest, in so doing it may have lost some of its countercultural charm.

scholarly journals Crafting analytical tools to study institutional change

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELINOR OSTROM ◽  
XAVIER BASURTO
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Mechanistic Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Predictive Theory ◽  
Analytical Tools

Abstract:Most powerful analytical tools used in the social sciences are well suited for studying static situations. Static and mechanistic analysis, however, is not adequate to understand the changing world in which we live. In order to adequately address the most pressing social and environmental challenges looming ahead, we need to develop analytical tools for analyzing dynamic situations – particularly institutional change. In this paper, we develop an analytical tool to study institutional change, more specifically, the evolution of rules and norms. We believe that in order for such an analytical tool to be useful to develop a general theory of institutional change, it needs to enable the analyst to concisely record the processes of change in multiple specific settings so that lessons from such settings can eventually be integrated into a more general predictive theory of change.

scholarly journals The Open Landscape Environment as The Expanse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara I. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Scholarly Publishing ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Open Content ◽  
Time Planning ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Library Collections

Building on the 2019 ACRL/SPARC Forum on Collective Reinvestment in Open Infrastructure, this program will explore how libraries can make different commitments to fund content created by open infrastructures. Library collections increasingly promote and reflect such open content and many have chosen to contribute to funding those products. There is not one formula or roadmap to underwrite the publishing and distribution costs of these open resources. There are many variables and considerations as some open content corresponds to serials and others are books or monographs. Open access content is increasingly found in nearly all subject areas, as scholarly publishing models have evolved. Open access does not come without a price to create, maintain and preserve the outputs. Libraries are reconsidering whether they want to commit so much to purchase materials or subscription-based products, when it is unclear what the anticipated use of any materials will be over time. Planning and opportunities for new and more flexible decisions concerning adjustments to and expenditures of the materials budget are under exploration by libraries. There are many options to invest in creating more content to be released as open access. Such options include contributing financially from the Library collections or materials budget to subsidizing or covering APCs, engaging in a more “library as publisher” model hosting journals, publishing books, creating OERs, and offsetting other expenses that ultimately drive a more intensive open infrastructure. Library leaders and partners will share their ideas about trying different approaches to contribute to more open publishing initiatives and explore whether efforts in deploying current book and serial costs to offset opportunities to build a wider and more open infrastructure is on the horizon. This analysis should incorporate the costs of analytical tools necessary to the use of such content in today’s research. Questions will be solicited ahead of time to reflect audience’s interest in such a rethinking of the library collections budget. Please email Julia Gelfand at with your questions.

Linear regression and correlation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Gelman ◽  
Deborah Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
World Population ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Line Fitting ◽  
Single Predictor ◽  
Over Time

This chapter addresses the descriptive treatment of linear regression with a single predictor: straight-line fitting, interpretation of the regression line and standard deviation, the confusing phenomenon of “regression to the mean,” correlation, and conducting regressions on the computer. These concepts are illustrated with student discussions and activities. Many examples are of the sort commonly found in statistics textbooks, but the focus here is on how to work the examples into student-participation activities rather than simply examples to be read or shown on the blackboard. Topics include the following relationships: height and income, height and hand span, world population over time, and exam scores.

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