Introduction and surface anatomy

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Surface Anatomy ◽  
Temporomandibular Joints ◽  
The Face ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Brain

The head and neck contain the structures that are the most significant to the practice of dental surgery. These regions are not as easy to study from dissection as other areas because an ‘onion skin’ approach has to be adopted. Layers are dissected from the most superficial subcutaneous structures to the deepest internal structures, the brain, and spinal cord; structures that appear at one level may not show up again until the dissection has advanced to much deeper layers. It is important to have a general understanding of the structures forming the head and neck to build up a coherent picture of their relationship to each other. The skull is the structural basis of the head. The skull comprises the cranium, formed from 27 bones joined together by fibrous joints known as sutures, and the separate mandible that articulates with the cranium at the temporomandibular joints (TMJ). The skull houses and protects the brain in the cranial cavity. It also protects other delicate structures vital for the reception of the special senses; the orbital cavities contain the eyes and dense bones in the cranial base house the internal ears. The entrance to the respiratory tract is the bony and cartilaginous nasal cavity; it can also be accessed together with the gastrointestinal tract through the oral cavity between the cranium and mandible. The major skeletal component of the neck is the cervical part of the vertebral column formed by seven vertebrae. The lower five cervical vertebrae conform to the general pattern of vertebrae outlined in Section 10.1.1, but the upper two cervical vertebrae are specialized; the atlas articulates with the underside of the skull for nodding movements and the second vertebra, the axis, articulates with the atlas for shaking movements of the head. The hyoid bone in the upper anterior neck and the laryngeal cartilages below it form the laryngeal skeleton. There are several important muscle groups in the head. The muscles of facial expression are small superficial muscles beneath the skin of the face; they alter facial expression in response to emotion, but also play a part in chewing, swallowing, and speech.

scholarly journals Transmitting and Decoding Facial Expressions

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie L. Smith ◽  
Garrison W. Cottrell ◽  
FrédéAric Gosselin ◽  
Philippe G. Schyns
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Human Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

This article examines the human face as a transmitter of expression signals and the brain as a decoder of these expression signals. If the face has evolved to optimize transmission of such signals, the basic facial expressions should have minimal overlap in their information. If the brain has evolved to optimize categorization of expressions, it should be efficient with the information available from the transmitter for the task. In this article, we characterize the information underlying the recognition of the six basic facial expression signals and evaluate how efficiently each expression is decoded by the underlying brain structures.

The skull

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Temporomandibular Joints ◽  
Maxilla And Mandible ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Dental students and practitioners require a sound knowledge of the structure, growth, and development of the skull as a whole. The structure of the skull can be examined and studied more efficiently if you have access to a dried skull or one of the very good plastic replica skulls which are now available; you can identify the structures on the diagrams accompanying the following descriptions and examine a skull at the same time to appreciate the size and relationships of individual components. This chapter outlines the basic principles of the development and structure of the skull and includes some reference to individual bones where this makes understanding easier. The more detailed aspects of particular regions of the skull will be covered in the appropriate chapter describing the whole anatomy of that region; it is much easier to learn the parts of the skull in context of overall structure and function rather than learning a long list of bones, foramina, and muscle attachments in isolation from the related soft tissue structures. Only the maxilla and mandible which are bones of significant clinical importance are described as separate bones. As already demonstrated in Chapter 20, the skull is the structural basis f or the anatomy of the head. The skull has many functions. • It encloses and protects the brain. • It provides protective capsules for the eyes and middle and inner ear. • It forms the skeleton of the entrances to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) through the nose and mouth, respectively. Those skull components that form the entrance to the GIT also house and support the teeth and soft tissues of the oral region as part of this function. As already outlined in Chapter 20, the skull is made up of several bones joined together to form the cranium which articulates with the separate mandible forming the lower jaw at the temporomandibular joints. The cranium specifically refers to the skull without the mandible; the terms ‘skull’ and ‘cranium’ are not strictly synonymous but they are frequently used as though they are. The cranium can be subdivided into the braincase enclosing the brain and the facial skeleton.

Embryology of the head and neck

2021 ◽  
pp. 519-536
Author(s):  
Daniel R. van Gijn ◽  
Jonathan Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Endochondral Ossification ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Intramembranous Ossification ◽  
Pharyngeal Arches ◽  
The Face ◽  
Base Of The Skull ◽  
The Brain

Development of the head is dominated by the changing shape of the brain and the formation of pharyngeal arches through which blood from the ventrally placed heart can pass to the dorsal aorta. The origin of the cell population within the head and neck is important as it predicts the behaviour and attributes of the cells and their progeny. The neural crest gives rise to an extensive mesenchymal population which contributes to the skull and enters and patterns the pharyngeal arches. The skull (neurocranium) forms around the developing brain and its emerging nerves. The base of the skull forms initially in cartilage (endochondral ossification) and the vault forms from neural crest mesenchyme (intramembranous ossification). The face and jaws (viscerocranium) form around the developing pharynx from a series of pharyngeal arches (numbered 1,2,3,4 and 6) which pass from the lateral sides of the pharynx to meet ventromedially.

About the Brain, the Face, and Emotion

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-568
Author(s):  
Gilles Kirouac
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

Designing Emotion Of Characters By Referencing From Facs In Short Animated Film “RANA”

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Fransisca Adis ◽  
Yohanes Merci Widiastomo
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Basic Characteristic ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
3D Animation ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Facial Action Coding System ◽  
Facial Action ◽  
Animated Film ◽  
Character Design ◽  
The Face

Facial expression is one of some aspects that can deliver story and character’s emotion in 3D animation. To achieve that, we need to plan the character facial from very beginning of the production. At early stage, the character designer need to think about the expression after theu done the character design. Rigger need to create a flexible rigging to achieve the design. Animator can get the clear picture how they animate the facial. Facial Action Coding System (FACS) that originally developed by Carl-Herman Hjortsjo and adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. can be used to identify emotion in a person generally. This paper is going to explain how the Writer use FACS to help designing the facial expression in 3D characters. FACS will be used to determine the basic characteristic of basic shapes of the face when show emotions, while compare with actual face reference. Keywords: animation, facial expression, non-dialog

scholarly journals Deep-Emotion: Facial Expression Recognition Using Attentional Convolutional Network

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3046
Author(s):  
Shervin Minaee ◽  
Mehdi Minaei ◽  
Amirali Abdolrashidi
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Visualization Technique ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Datasets ◽  
The Face ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Facial expression recognition has been an active area of research over the past few decades, and it is still challenging due to the high intra-class variation. Traditional approaches for this problem rely on hand-crafted features such as SIFT, HOG, and LBP, followed by a classifier trained on a database of images or videos. Most of these works perform reasonably well on datasets of images captured in a controlled condition but fail to perform as well on more challenging datasets with more image variation and partial faces. In recent years, several works proposed an end-to-end framework for facial expression recognition using deep learning models. Despite the better performance of these works, there are still much room for improvement. In this work, we propose a deep learning approach based on attentional convolutional network that is able to focus on important parts of the face and achieves significant improvement over previous models on multiple datasets, including FER-2013, CK+, FERG, and JAFFE. We also use a visualization technique that is able to find important facial regions to detect different emotions based on the classifier’s output. Through experimental results, we show that different emotions are sensitive to different parts of the face.

scholarly journals Time to Be SHY? Some Comments on Sleep and Synaptic Homeostasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Tononi ◽  
Chiara Cirelli
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Universal Function ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Synaptic Homeostasis ◽  
The Face ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Function Of Sleep ◽  
The Brain

Sleep must serve an essential, universal function, one that offsets the risk of being disconnected from the environment. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) is an attempt to identify this essential function. Its core claim is that sleep is needed to reestablish synaptic homeostasis, which is challenged by the remarkable plasticity of the brain. In other words, sleep is “the price we pay for plasticity.” In this issue, M. G. Frank reviewed several aspects of the hypothesis and raised several issues. The comments below provide a brief summary of the motivations underlying SHY and clarify that SHY is a hypothesis not about specific mechanisms, but about a universal, essential function of sleep. This function is the preservation of synaptic homeostasis in the face of a systematic bias toward a net increase in synaptic strength—a challenge that is posed by learning during adult wake, and by massive synaptogenesis during development.

scholarly journals Aprosopia/holoprosencephaly in a stillborn puppy: when the face predicts the brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Clairton Marcolongo Pereira ◽  
Tayná B. Silva ◽  
Laiz Zaché Roque ◽  
Bárbara Barros ◽  
Luiz Alexandre Moscon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

The face of future: Face expressions during future thinking

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199299
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Haj ◽  
Emin Altintas ◽  
Ahmed A Moustafa ◽  
Abdel Halim Boudoukha
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Analysis ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Expressions

Future thinking, which is the ability to project oneself forward in time to pre-experience an event, is intimately associated with emotions. We investigated whether emotional future thinking can activate emotional facial expressions. We invited 43 participants to imagine future scenarios, cued by the words “happy,” “sad,” and “city.” Future thinking was video recorded and analysed with a facial analysis software to classify whether facial expressions (i.e., happy, sad, angry, surprised, scared, disgusted, and neutral facial expression) of participants were neutral or emotional. Analysis demonstrated higher levels of happy facial expressions during future thinking cued by the word “happy” than “sad” or “city.” In contrast, higher levels of sad facial expressions were observed during future thinking cued by the word “sad” than “happy” or “city.” Higher levels of neutral facial expressions were observed during future thinking cued by the word “city” than “happy” or “sad.” In the three conditions, the neutral facial expressions were high compared with happy and sad facial expressions. Together, emotional future thinking, at least for future scenarios cued by “happy” and “sad,” seems to trigger the corresponding facial expression. Our study provides an original physiological window into the subjective emotional experience during future thinking.

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