Geomorphic Hazards and Natural Risks

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Maquaire
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The World ◽  
Storm Wave ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Cost

Western European countries are subject to natural phenomena that can cause disasters. Their origins are various: geophysical (earthquakes), hydrometeorological (sea storms, floods, and avalanches), or geomorphologic (landslides). They are fairly widespread but less frequent and of relatively low intensity compared with other regions of the world; for example, an earthquake in France or Belgium is not likely to be as violent as in Greece or Japan. Some of the countries concerned, such as France and Germany, are subject to all the hazards mentioned above, while Denmark and The Netherlands are seldom exposed to earthquakes and never to avalanches because they have no mountains. Man is not responsible for phenomena such as earthquakes, but contributes significantly to the onset and aggravation of other hazards, and is sometimes largely responsible for the direct and indirect consequences, having built and maintained installations in ‘risk’ sectors. The number of victims and the cost of the damage may be high, depending on the circumstances, the intensity, and the duration of the phenomenon. Western European countries have experienced real natural disasters in the distant or recent past. Floods following a storm wave in The Netherlands in 1953 were responsible for some 2,000 deaths and damage amounting to over 3 billion Euros. Two hundred people died in the most destructive flood ever known in France in 1930 in the Tarn (Ledoux 1995). Natural phenomena such as these can recur with at least the same intensity but may entail much greater damage because of increased human occupation in the sectors concerned: the flooding submerges zones which are much more urbanized than they were in the nineteenth century. Whether prevention measures are taken depends on the level of risk which the populations concerned are prepared to accept. These measures should be associated with spatial and temporal forecasts and preceded by an analysis of the processes for these phenomena to be fully understood. In order to remove the ambiguities and the inaccuracies of terminology that are observed all too often, it is necessary in the first instance to define ‘geomorphic hazards and natural risks’, particularly in terms of the notions of risk, hazards, and vulnerability.

Quantification of Navigational Risk in European Waters

1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
C. C. Glansdorp ◽  
J. F. Kemp ◽  
E. M. Goodwin ◽  
R. Tresfon
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Working Group ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marine Safety ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Mathematics Department

This paper attempts to explain the development of a method to quantify navigational risk within European waters as a part of the COST 301 project. The objective of this project, partly funded by the EEC and partly by the member countries and a few other European countries, is to increase marine safety and to prevent pollution in European (coastal) waters by shore based aids to navigations. The methodology of this study is explained. The analysis of the collected data regarding traffic and casualties is given. The probability of a collision and a stranding is determined.The authors are all members of working group 2 of COST 301. Ir. Glansdorp and Captain Tresfon are from the Netherlands Maritime Research Institute, Dr Goodwin is Head of the Mathematics Department at the Polytechnic of North London and Professor Kemp is former Head of the School of Navigation at the City of London Polytechnic.

The Myth of ‘Unemployable’ People: an evaluation of a new employment service for the ‘hard core’ unemployed

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. van den Berg ◽  
C.G. van der Veer
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
European Countries ◽  
New Method ◽  
Employment Service ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Western European

ABSTRACTIn an era characterised by vast unemployment it is widely believed that certain categories of people are essentially ‘unemployable’. In most Western European countries, for instance, immigrants and other minority groups are considered to belong to the ‘hard core’ unemployed. While standard methods of the employment service have largely failed in assisting such individuals, a new method has been developed in the Netherlands referred to as the ‘tailor-made’ method. This article summarises research findings on the characteristics and suitability of this method. The findings contradict the myth of the ‘unemployable’ people.

Smoothing The Transition To Skilled Employment: School-Based Vocational Guidance in Britain and Continental Europe

1994 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Vocational Guidance ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Classroom Observations ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Successful Transition ◽  
School Based ◽  
The World

This article compares how vocational guidance is provided in schools in Britain and three Continental European countries. The comparisons are based on classroom observations and interviews with teachers in some two dozen secondary schools in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, together with a similar number in Britain. Careers guidance on the Continent begins earlier, is taught by careers specialists in separate lessons devoted to the topic, and is geared specifically to providing youngsters with detailed information on the content and requirements for particular types of work. The lack of focus on occupationally-specific information in ‘careers guidance’ in British schools, particularly in the now-widespread ‘Personal and Social Education’ (PSE) courses, leaves many British youngsters at a distinct disadvantage in making a successful transition to the world of work. The article suggests a number of relatively simple measures which could significantly improve careers education in British schools.

The paradoxes of urbanization: Belgian socialism and society in the belle epoque

Urban History ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 82-96
Author(s):  
Carl Strikwerda
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Belle Epoque ◽  
Belgian Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Western European ◽  
Belle Époque

Although small and consequently often overlooked, Belgium none the less provides historians with an interesting case study for comparing social and economic trends among Western European countries. Belgian society in the nineteenth century was transformed by the same forces as its close neighbours – Britain, France and Germany. Indeed, Belgium was the second country in the world to industrialize and it has long been one of the most heavily urbanized societies as well. Yet urbanization and industrialization affected Belgium in some significantly different ways than they did other Western European countries.

Festivals that Change Lives

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriane Gaber
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Street Art ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Public Sphere

There are countries in the world where ‘freedom’ and ‘democracy’ don’t have the same meaning as in our western European countries, especially in the street or in what is called ‘public space’. Even so, in some of these countries, street art festivals exist and they can change the life of the artists and of the population. Jürgen Habermas, in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962), has defined this term. According to him, the bourgeois public sphere (which appeared in the 18th century) is the place between private individuals and government authorities in which people can meet and have critical debates about public matters. Whether debates are about culture, habits or law, in the countries discussed in this chapter (Iran, Belarus, Morocco and Kuwait), this barely happens. Critical debate is forbidden or simply inconceivable.

Impact of Globalization on Small Countries' Higher Education Systems: The Case of the Netherlands

2015 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
A. Nevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
Western European

The article deals with the current performance and the latest developments of higher education in small and medium Western European countries. It uncovers the core trends on the international higher education market, defines small countries’ place and role in it. It is argued that there is no direct correlation between the size of economy, country’s geography, language spoken, on the one hand, and the share of international enrolments and higher education system’s general performance, on the other hand. However, there are some special moments about the way small developed countries build in their higher education in the global market. The article deals with the Dutch higher education system as a typical case for Western European small countries. It is concluded that the most beneficial category of students for this country are those from non-EEA countries, focusing in several specific areas of the country’s international specialization. A system of measures is being taken to attract such students and to prevent huge number of enrolments from the rest of developing world. This is the way the Netherlands preserve and improve the excellent quality of domestic educational services (which is right for the rest of small Western European countries as well). The group of countries under consideration is also known for their high level of involvement in all kinds of international cooperation in tertiary education. This allows them, on one hand, to further improve the quality of services, and, on the other hand, to minimize the costs of stuff needed for research and innovation. This paper’s findings might be used for further research in this area and taken into consideration by the local authorities dealing with Russian educational system improvement and including it in the global market of education, research and innovation.

scholarly journals The Legal Status of Christians in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Сергей Александрович Пименов
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Countries ◽  
International Level ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Freedom Of Thought ◽  
Western European

На сегодняшний день тема гонений на христиан, к сожалению, по-прежнему не теряет своей актуальности. Несмотря на то, что на международном уровне существует достаточно сильная правовая база, которая предусматривает защиту свободу мысли, совести и религии, христиане в тех или иных регионах мира подвергаются тем или иным притеснениям. Если в странах Западной Европы дискриминация христиан осуществляется косвенным путем - с использованием некоторых политических средств, как например «толерантность», то в странах Ближнего Востока по-прежнему существует угроза их физического уничтожения.В данной статье рассмотрены и проанализированы законодательства в области свободы мысли, совести и религии тех стран, где положение христиан на сегодняшний день представляется наиболее опасным, это: Египет, Ливия, Ирак и Саудовская Аравия. Также здесь проводится сравнение данных нормативно - правовых актов с теми реалиями, которые происходят в отношении христиан на сегодняшний день To date, the topic of persecution of Christians, unfortunately, still does not lose its relevance. Despite the fact that there is a fairly strong legal framework at the international level that provides for the protection of freedom of thought, conscience and religion, Christians in various regions of the world are subjected to various forms of harassment. While in Western European countries discrimination against Christians is carried out indirectly - using certain political means, such as "tolerance", in the Middle East countries there is still a threat of their physical destruction.This article examines and analyzes the legislation in the field of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion in those countries where the situation of Christians is currently the most dangerous.: Egypt, Libya, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. We also compare these normative legal acts with the realities that are taking place in relation to Christians today.

Policy recommendations for a sustainable biosimilars market: lessons from Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Philip J Schneider ◽  
Michael S Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Healthcare Expenditures ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

Approximately 25% of all new medicines approved in recent years and in development today are biologicals. The complexity of biologicals, the investment needed to meet ever more stringent regulatory and payer requirements, combined with the needs of an ageing population, mean the cost of these medicines and the burden on governments and insurance companies is growing. However, the introduction of biosimilars has broadened treatment choices for physicians and their patients and, by increasing competition, reduced healthcare expenditures. The biosimilar market in Europe is the largest in the world, representing approximately 60% of the global biosimilar market and growing consistently year on year. As of October 2019, 54 biosimilars of 15 originator biological medicines have marketing authorization in Europe. European countries, with their large biosimilar markets and diverse healthcare systems, serve as valuable examples of different approaches to biosimilar policy. Several studies, research papers and position statements have been published on such policies. These findings, along with real-world policy and procurement examples from European countries, provide an opportunity for other countries to learn from. This paper will review the different approaches to biosimilar policy across the European continent, highlighting principles which can be applied to develop an efficient and sustainable biosimilar market.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document