Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
National Language ◽  
North India ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Double Movement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ambivalent Relationship ◽  
The Masses

Moving beyond the existing scholarship on language politics in north India which implicitly or explicitly focuses on Hindi–Urdu debates, this book examines the formation of the Maithili movement in the context of expansion of Hindi as the ‘national’ language. For a long time, the Hindi–Urdu debate has provided an important source to critically asses various facets of the nationalist movement in north India. But much emphasis on this debate has undermined simultaneous developments taking place in ‘minor’ linguistic spheres within the ‘Hindi heartland’ like Maithili, Braj, Awadhi, and Bhojpuri. This work also revisits the dynamic hierarchy through which a distinction is produced between ‘major’ and ‘minor’ languages. Significance of these ‘minor’ linguistic movements lies in the ways through which they resist such domination and appropriations while asserting their own independence. Throughout the history of the Maithili movement, what one finds is not just an opposition to Hindi’s claim of Maithili being its ‘dialect’ or the ambivalent relationship between the two. But more appropriately, one can see a double movement. The authority of Hindi has strengthened within the Maithili-speaking region even when the movement for the recognition of Maithili as an independent language has become more assertive. Another paradox of the Maithili movement has been its increasing politicization—from Hindi–Maithili ambiguities and antagonisms to territorial consciousness and finally demands for a separate statehood of Mithila, along with the persistent indifferent attitude of the masses. This work examines these processes historically since the middle of the nineteenth century until the inclusion of Maithili into the eighth schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2004.

Lyrics of Protest

2017 ◽  
pp. 257-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Gakahu
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Country Music ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Political Music ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Political Songs

The history of Kenya is loaded with continuous moments when music played a key role in expressing various issues in the country. Music is one of the most important modes through which ordinary Kenyans express their wishes, identity, frustrations and aspirations. For a long time, freedom of speech in Kenya, especially on issues touching political injustice had been curtailed. However, musicians in Kenya offered an alternative means of challenging the political status quo in the country by use of musical lyrics which address injustices directly or metaphorically. What is the place of music in Kenya's political landscape? Has political music in Kenya made a difference in governance and in educating the masses on their political and social rights? Have political songs helped change the political and social climate in Kenya? These issues are examined in this chapter.

MILITARY ART OF THE KISH ATAMAN OF ZAPOROZ’KA SICH PETRO KALNYSHEVSKY IN HISTOROGRAPHY OF THE END OF THE ХVІІІ – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Halyna Кotsur
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Military Leader ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
The Military

Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691-1803) entered the history of Ukraine as the last kish ataman of the Zaporoz’ka Sich, a talented military leader, a diplomat, an economist and a philanthropist. Personality of P. Kalnyshevsky causes heated debate until this time, despite a significant number of works (over 1650) devoted to the study of the important milestones of his life and activities. Among the masses of various topics associated with P. Kalnyshevsky, which arise periodically, is the military activity and martial art of the Zaporozhian leader, through the prism of the history of Nova Sich and the Russian-Turkish wars of the eighteenth century. The analysis of the status of the study of the figure of the Cossack ataman of the Zaporoz’n Sich P. Kalnyshevsky at the end of the XVIII – early XX centuries has shown unequal interest in this problem and ambiguous attitude towards it. We must pay tribute to the fact that it was the historical researches of the specified period that formed the basis for further objective research on the history of New Sich and the direct activities of P. Kalnyshevsky. The military activities of P. Kalnyshevsky began to be highlighted in the writings of the first historians of the Cossacks and continue to cause a research interest until nowadays. Nevertheless, there are no special studies on the identified issues in Ukrainian historiography. This issue was considered and continues to attract the attention of historians only in the context of studying the history of the Cossacks in general, or the life and activities of P. Kalnyshevsky. The historiographical analysis of the works related to the military activity of the Cossack ataman P. Kalnyshevsky made it possible to identify certain features and stages of the study of this problem. This issue didn’t attract the attention of scientists for a long time, and the available information concerned mainly the military service of the Zaporozhians during the Russo-Turkish wars. Thus, at the time of the XVIII century, we encounter small references that cover the military service of the Sich Cossacks. They are devoid of objectivity and permeated with a negative attitude towards the Cossacks, which shows the undeniable influence of imperial ideology on scientific research. There are observed some changes in the problem that we find out in the works of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Historians of this era sought to deeper and more objective clarification of the issue. They used archival materials in their studies. However, the source base was provided without its critical analysis.

scholarly journals Clinicopathological Evaluation of Disseminated Metastases of Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Spayed Bitch

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Hasan Alkan ◽  
Fatma Satilmis ◽  
Mehmet Eray Alcigir ◽  
Mehmet Bugra Kivrak ◽  
Ibrahim Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vaginal Cytology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
The Masses

Background: Although transmissible venereal tumor (TVT, transmissible venereal sarcoma, Sticker’s sarcoma) that affects dogs and other canids can be seen in many countries, it especially emerges in the countries which homeless dog population is very high. Female dogs are more susceptible than males. Transmissible venereal tumor is usually transmitted to genital organs during coitus and occasionally by social behavior such as sniffing and licking. The tumor is generally observed in the posterior part of the vagina. The tumor usually appears in various sizes, in the appearance of cauliflower, red and fragile. Metastases are rarely reported in cases with TVT. Metastases have been detected in lung, liver, tonsils, skin, lymph nodes, muscles, spleen. The diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor is achived by considering the history of the animal, gross lesions, cytological examination and histopathology. Chemotherapy is frequently used in the treatment of TVT. In addition, radiotherapy, cryosurgery, surgical incision and immunotherapy are rarely applied for treatment. Chemical agents such as doxorubicin, vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate are preferred for chemotherapy.Case: Metastases to all mammary lobes, cervix uteri, neck, skin, gluteal muscles, the oropharyngeal region, and primary vaginal mass were described in spayed bitch, a 10-year old and mixed breed. The clinical examination manifested, fragile and hemorrhagic masses which resemble cauliflower in the vagina, neck, and inguinal region. Furthermore firm and multilobular masses in all mammary lobes, oropharyngeal region, and gluteal muscles of right leg were detected. Firstly, vaginal cytology was performed in order to confirm. In vaginal cytology, round to polyhedral shaped transmissible venereal tumor cells including cytoplasmic vacuoles and polychromatic nuclei were identified. Histopathologically, solid areas included oval- to round-shaped cells with prominent, hyperchromatic nuclei in all masses. Also, some of them comprised mitotic figures in their nuclei. In general, the tumor cells were separated by thin fibrous septa. Additionally, the cells were completely infiltrated to the mammary gland. In contrast, oropharyngeal and subdermal region of neck consisted more solid areas under the epidermis. There was lymphocyte infiltration at the periphery of the cells. For gluteal mass, TVT cells were confined in muscle bundles. Transmissible venereal tumor cases are often located in genital organs and their metastases are rarely encountered in comparison with other tumors. In this case report, metastases to cervical tissue, neck skin, oropharyngeal mucosa and gluteal muscles, mammary lobes are found.Discussion: When the sexual activity is high, the incidence of TVT increases. It especially develops in bitches in estrus. Breed, sex and age are not a cause of predisposition for TVT. Transmissible venereal tumors’ malignancy can increase in some cases, although TVT is known as a benign tumor. Prevalence of metastases was found fairly low in the studies. Metastases to mammary region, to subcutaneous region, to brain, to eye, to lung, to uterus, to ovary, to liver, to spleen have been reported. In conclusion, even if a bitch is acyclic, transmissible venereal tumor can be developed and thus the risk of its disseminated metastasis must be considered. Moreover, since the masses have not regresed for a long time, this situation may be related to severe immunosupression in the bitch.

Belarus: an emerging civic nation?

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee L. Buhr ◽  
Victor Shadurski ◽  
Steven Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
National Language ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similar Path ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Masses

Early commentators on the newly independent Belarusian state of the 1990s indicated that there was something lacking in Belarusian identity. The people did not seem to respond powerfully to the new symbols of the state, use of the national language intermingled with Russian, and economic concerns appeared to trump popular concerns with promoting Belarusian language or culture. Other former Soviet states were embracing ethnic national ideals, and as such, many assumed that Belarus should follow a similar path. However, as an examination of the history of the Belarusian territory demonstrates, a national ideal based on ethnicity was problematic in Belarusian society, and as such, the ethnic notions of Belarusian identity forwarded by some Belarusian elites failed to appeal to the masses. Instead, Belarus seems better suited to a more inclusive civic identity than an exclusive ethnic one. This research examines the nature of contemporary Belarusian identity, with particular attention to the civic versus ethnic aspects of that identity. We argue that although Belarusian identity is obviously in flux and subject to heavy debate, it is currently demonstrating more civic aspects than ethnic ones. This finding is based on original survey data obtained in Belarus in 2009 and 2010.

Language Politics in the Comparative Media Crucible

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-151
Author(s):  
Akshaya Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
North India ◽  
The Political ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Northern Plains ◽  
Comparative Media ◽  
Linguistic Communities

This chapter recounts the language politics of north India, with particular stress upon the heydays of Hindi nationalism, which wrested control of literary production from Urdu on behalf of the ‘Hindis’ of northern plains. Bhojpuri among other ‘tongues’ were therefore side-lined by the nationalist fervour. Tracing the trajectory of women’s folksongs, popular chapbooks and theatre troupes, the chapter reconstructs the resurgence of the vernaculars via audiocassettes, VCDs/DVDs and microSD cards. Electronic media thus absorbed the energies pushed out of the literate public sphere. The chapter also highlights the role played by a lateral-ness of address to unspool Bhojpuri from its ‘folk’ bearings and mount a mass address upon it. At the end, the chapter places the language politics of north India in relation to the Trojan horse of English, and the attendant struggle for the political existence of the vernacular linguistic communities.

On the secretive ustād: Pride among musicians and patrons in North India

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Justin Scarimbolo
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
North India ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hindustani Music ◽  
The Masses

Why did Muslim masters of Hindustani music or ustāds of the past century sometimes refuse to record, perform or teach? These acts appear to justify a common depiction of ustāds, propagated by their detractors and defenders alike as jealously guarding their hereditary knowledge. A deeper look, however, reveals that ustāds withheld their music for fear that it would be played in lowly places, consumed by ill-mannered audiences or taught to disloyal students. Drawing on the oral history of one aristocratic family’s relationship with their Muslim teachers, I argue that the pride that prevented some ustāds from playing to the masses reflected an elitism learned from their patrons and students among the gentry, many of whom were Hindu. This argument develops two existing narratives: one in which ustāds adopted the manners and pursuits of their patrons, and another in which patrons risked losing prestige by performing. Stories of both ustāds and their patrons shunning the public, read together, not only decouple secretiveness from its association with Muslims, but also reveal discipleship as a transformative space in which musicians and their patrons learned from one another, cultivating shared attitudes, morals and dispositions.

‘So much Gaelic to me’: Beckett and the Irish Language

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Graham
Keyword(s):  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
History Of

This essay explores the ways in which Ireland's sacralised national language figures in Beckett's work. Oblique references to Irish in the Beckett oeuvre are read against a history of Anglo-Irish investment in the language as a mode of ‘impatriation’, a means by which to circumscribe anxieties surrounding an identity fraught with socio-political anomalies. In addition, the suspicion of ‘official language’ in Beckett's work is considered in light of his awareness of the ‘language issue’ in his native country, particularly in relation to the powerful role of the Irish language in the reterritorialisation of the civic sphere in post-independence Ireland.

BRIDGE BUILDING AS A PROBLEM OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Tatiana S. Minaeva ◽  
Sergey S. Gulyaev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
European North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Floating Bridge ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Bridge Building ◽  
Xix Century

Introduction. The organization of transport links and the bridge building in cities located on the banks of wide rivers has always been one of the most important tasks of the local administration. The study of the history of bridge building allows not only to trace the process of modernization of different regions of the country, but also to help in solving similar problems of our time. Nevertheless, the history of Russian bridge building is poorly studied. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristics and features of the organization of bridge building in big cities of the European North of Russia as a way to solve one of the problems of urban infrastructure in the early XX century. Materials and Methods. The sources for this study are the documents of the State archive of the Arkhangelsk region, published documents on the history of Vologda, articles in the local periodicals of the early XX century. The analysis of the studied problem used a systematic approach, the method of economic analysis, historical and historical-comparative methods. Results and Discussion. The building of permanent bridges was a need for the development of Arkhangelsk and Vologda. In Vologda the two wooden bridges were built in the middle of XIX century on city funds and in the future these bridges were repaired or rebuilt. The Arkhangelsk city authorities did not hurry to solve a problem of city infrastructure by own efforts and a long time they used the floating bridge. The lack of experience in the building of large bridges and the desire to save money led to the rapid destruction of the first permanent bridge in Arkhangelsk. Conclusion. The Development of trade and industry in cities of the European North of Russia, such as Arkhangelsk and Vologda, led to the expansion of their territory and the emergence over time, the so-called third parts of the cities. Despite the comparable size of the population of the districts located across the river, the process of connecting them with bridges to the rest of the city went at different rates, which depended on the attitude of the local administration to the problem of urban infrastructure.

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