One-Off Capitalism in Song China, 960–1279 CE

Capitalisms ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 227-250
Author(s):  
Kent Deng
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Organic Growth ◽  
The Right

The rise of the industrial and commercial sectors in Song China was a result of historical contingency rather than an organic growth from the pre-Song past, which was marked by the physiocracy-cum-farming that China was famous for. The right amount of external pressure from China’s northern and western borders served as a catalyst while the switch to mercantilism was the key of the Song state-led growth. Without a doubt, by 1100 CE, China was on a track to a quasi-modern structure with profit-making commercialization and proto-industrialization. However, the Song capitalist model did not lead to military supremacy in East Asia. As a result, it lost its northern territory in 1127 to the Jurchens and then its southern territory in 1279 to the Mongols, whereby the capitalist experiment ended by external violence.

The Curious Journey of “Copyright” in East Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-61
Author(s):  
Fei-Hsien Wang
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
English Word ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
National Survival ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chinese Term

This chapter traces how the English word “copyright” became the Chinese term “banquan,” which literally means “the right to printing blocks.” It examines the negotiations and struggles of the early East Asian promoters and practitioners of copyright with the understandings of ownership of the book. The chapter looks at the use of words the early promoters associated with the notion of copyright. It discusses the practices they and their contemporaries undertook in the name of “the right to printing blocks” as a crucial subject of inquiry. The early promoters of copyright in East Asia portrayed copyright as a progressive universal doctrine completely alien to the local culture, one that, for the sake of national survival, needed to be transplanted artificially. The chapter also points out the “new” ways contemporaries used to declare banquan ownership that were derived from some early modern practices whereby profits were secured from printed books.

Suicide, assisted suicide and euthanasia: International perspectives

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoon Leenaars ◽  
John Connolly ◽  
Chris Cantor ◽  
Marlene EchoHawk ◽  
Zhao Xiong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
North America ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Right To Die ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
The Right

AbstractSuicide, assisted suicide and euthanasia are elusive and controversial issues worldwide. To discuss such issues from only one perspective may be limiting. Therefore, this paper was written by authors from various regions, each of whom has been asked to reflect on the issues. The countries/cultures are: Australia, China, Cuba, Ireland, India, Japan, Russia, South Africa, The Netherlands, North America (Turtle Island) and United States. Historically and today, suicide is viewed differently. Assisted suicide and euthanasia are equally seen from multifarious perspectives. Highlighting development in the Netherlands, Australia's Northern Territory and Japan (ie. the famous Yamanouchi Case), the review shows growing re-examination of the right to die. There appear, however, to be no uniform legal and ethical positions. Further debate and discussion globally is needed to avoid myopic perspectives.

Lung Abscess Secondary to Esophageal Foreign Body

1978 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Main Bronchus ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Esophageal Foreign Body ◽  
Esophageal Lumen ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Right

The case reported here is one in which a foreign body in the esophagus resulted in a right lung abscess. Interest here centers on the unusual nature of the foreign body and the extraordinarily long period it was allowed to remain in the esophageal lumen even though it was producing symptoms throughout this period. The various factors involved are discussed, also the somewhat peculiar fact that the lung abscess was on the right, resulting from external pressure on the right main bronchus.

scholarly journals China’s Project for Greater Eurasia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-20
Author(s):  
A. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
East Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Active Member ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
The Right

The Chinese dream of great Rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is inseparable from the restoration of China's positions on the international arena, primarily in East Asia and in Eurasia. Since the beginning of reforms in 1978, Beijing has constantly expanded its contacts with the outside world, at first as a promising and capacious market for industrial equipment, technologies and investment, and since the beginning of the 21st century as an active member of the global governance institutions. Multilateral formats have allowed China to accumulate significant experience in participating in international affairs, especially at the regional level. At the global level, China's activity was constrained not only by opposition from the United States, but also by the specific character of Chinese civilization and its development model. In this context, the concept of "community of the common destiny of mankind" put forward by Xi Jinping did not mean universalization and unification, but, on the contrary, the right of countries and regions to a variety of development paths and forms of international interaction between small, medium and great powers. The rivalry between China and the United States in Asia does not only mean a struggle for leadership in the region, it also means a clash of two concepts of the international order, built on different approaches and values. The Belt and Road project, originally proposed as two regional, unrelated initiatives for Central and South-East Asia, has evolved after their combination into China's first global foreign policy strategy. Its practical implementation challenges Russia's integration efforts in the post-Soviet space and requires both countries to search for new tools and forms of interaction.

scholarly journals Bagaimana Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Menyesuaikan Harapan dan Menjawab Tantangan untuk Mencapai Berbagai Tujuannya?

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beginda Pakpahan
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
The Right

APEC has been established since 1989 with 21 member countries. The crucial questions are what are major works of APEC from 1994 to present time? What are APEC's current challenges? And, how APEC manages its hopes and responds to the challenges in order to reach its goals? This article argues that APEC is on the right track to attain the Bogor goals by pursuing trade liberalization in its member countries. There are several works which have been achieved by APEC, for example: its achievements for trade liberalization in goods and its support for facilitating foreign investment in the Asia-Pacific region. However, there are several challenges for APEC, such as the complexity of regional cooperation in South-East and East Asia and the social implications for vulnerable groups in developing countries within APEC as negative impacts of trade liberalization. Consequently, APEC should manage its hopes and responds challenges in order to meet its goals. APEC must adjust its hopes to be matched with the latest political and economic developments in the Asia-Pacific region. At the same time, South-East and East Asia become more integrated economic regions and apply an open regionalism for other countries from outside of these regions to engage with the developments in these regions. Overall, APEC must respond to crucial challenges (e.g. geo-politics and geo-economics) in the Asia-Pacific region which have changed overtime.

scholarly journals Analysis of newly developed fractal-fractional derivative with power law kernel for MHD couple stress fluid in channel embedded in a porous medium

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arif ◽  
Poom Kumam ◽  
Wiyada Kumam ◽  
Ali Akgul ◽  
Thana Sutthibutpong
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Fractional Derivative ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Real World ◽  
Couple Stress ◽  
Mhd Flow ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Couple Stress Fluid ◽  
Fractional Model ◽  
The Right

AbstractFractal-fractional derivative is a new class of fractional derivative with power Law kernel which has many applications in real world problems. This operator is used for the first time in such kind of fluid flow. The big advantage of this operator is that one can formulate models describing much better the systems with memory effects. Furthermore, in real world there are many problems where it is necessary to know that how much information the system carries. To explain the memory in a system fractal-fractional derivatives with power law kernel is analyzed in the present work. Keeping these motivation in mind in the present paper new concept of fractal-fractional derivative for the modeling of couple stress fluid (CSF) with the combined effect of heat and mass transfer have been used. The magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of CSF is taken in channel with porous media in the presence of external pressure. The constant motion of the left plate generates the CSF motion while the right plate is kept stationary. The non-dimensional fractal-fractional model of couple stress fluid in Riemann–Liouville sense with power law is solved numerically by using the implicit finite difference method. The obtained solutions for the present problem have been shown through graphs. The effects of various parameters are shown through graphs on velocity, temperature and concentration fields. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles of the MHD CSF in channel with porous media decreases for the greater values of both fractional parameter $$\alpha$$ α and fractal parameter $$\beta$$ β respectively. From the graphical results it can be noticed that the fractal-fractional solutions are more general as compared to classical and fractional solutions of CSF motion in channel. Furthermore, the fractal-fractional model of CSF explains good memory effect on the dynamics of couple stress fluid in channel as compared to fractional model of CSF. Finally, the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are evaluated and presented in tabular form.

scholarly journals Truly Accountable Marketing: The Right Metrics for the Right Results

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Pauwels
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Word ◽  
The Real ◽  
Organic Growth ◽  
Marketing Accountability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Key Questions

Abstract Marketing accountability is essential for sustained organic growth, but the challenges to it loom large. The major steps in truly accountable marketing include defining the right results, using the right metrics and finally acting upon the collected insights. To identify the right metrics one has to start with defining the right results: What is the informed decision that needs to be made? But getting data-based answers to key questions is only half the battle. Actually acting upon it is the other half, and often companies are reluctant to change. To create momentum, marketing and finance need to pull together, and the selected metrics need to be useful to both mind-sets. Other proven ways to overcome resistance to data-based recommendations include moving to the proposed optimal allocation gradually and demonstrating the real-word gains through field experiments. When companies succeed in establishing truly accountable marketing, they improve and simplify recurring and quantifiable decisions, which leaves them more time to scan the environment for new opportunities and allows them to take smarter risks.

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