The Interpersonal Situation

Author(s):  
Aaron L. Pincus ◽  
Christopher J. Hopwood ◽  
Aidan G. C. Wright

This chapter reviews structural and process assumptions of the Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory of personality and presents the interpersonal situation as a synthetic and widely applicable framework for integrating the structure and dynamics of persons and situations. It is an interactional-dynamic perspective that is variable-centered and dimensional (agency and communion; valence and arousal), specifies the important characteristics of situations, synthesizes objective and subjective perspectives, and is applicable to multimethod, multi-informant, multi-timescale assessments in situ, juxta situm, or ex situ organized by the interpersonal circumplex. Emphasizing clinical implications, the chapter reviews multimethod, multi-timescale empirical research employing intensive repeated measures designs (event-contingent recording, continuous assessment of interpersonal dynamics) supporting the interpersonal situation and its relevance for studying personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. It then elaborates on the utility of the interpersonal situation framework for psychotherapy practice and training. Finally, it identifies future directions for advancing this contemporary interpersonal perspective on psychological situations.

Author(s):  
Aaron L. Pincus ◽  
Christopher J. Hopwood

We present a model of personality psychopathology based on the assumptions; descriptive metastructure; and developmental, motivational, and regulatory processes of the contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality. The interpersonal model of personality psychopathology distinguishes between the definition of personality pathology and individual differences in the expression of personality disorder. This approach facilitates interdisciplinary conceptualizations of functioning and treatment by emphasizing the interpersonal situation as a prominent unit of analysis, organized by the metaconstructs of agency and communion and the interpersonal circumplex model. Linking personality psychopathology to agentic and communal constructs, pathoplastic relationships with those constructs, patterns of intraindividual variability, and interpersonal signatures allows personality dysfunction to be tied directly to psychological theory with clear propositions for research and treatment planning. The model’s relevance for DSM-5 is highlighted throughout the chapter. We conclude by bringing the interpersonal model from bench to bedside with an articulation of its clinical implications.


Assessment ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 107319111985840
Author(s):  
Jolien Cremers ◽  
Helena J. M. Pennings ◽  
Tim Mainhard ◽  
Irene Klugkist

This article describes a new way to analyze data from the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) for interpersonal behavior. Instead of analyzing Agency and Communion separately or analyzing the IPC’s octants, we propose using a circular regression model that allows us to investigate effects on a blend of Agency and Communion. The proposed circular model is called a projected normal (PN) model. We illustrate the use of a PN mixed-effects model on three repeated measures data sets with circumplex measurements from interpersonal and educational psychology. This model allows us to detect different types of patterns in the data and provides a more valid analysis of circumplex data. In addition to being able to investigate the effect on the location (mean) of scores on the IPC, we can also investigate effects on the spread (variance) of scores on the IPC. We also introduce new tools that help interpret the fixed and random effects of PN models.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kuzikova ◽  
Valeriy Zlivkov ◽  
Svitlana Lukomska

This article is devoted to the concept of integrative interpersonal theory of personality. The origins of the interpersonal theory of personality are found in interpersonal theory of psychiatry. This approach facilitates interdisciplinary conceptualizations of functioning and treatment by emphasizing the interpersonal situation as a prominent unit of analysis, organized by the metaconstructs of agency and communion and the interpersonal circumplex model. The interpersonal circumplex can serve as both companion and guide for those interested in exploring the interpersonal domain of personality. It is outlined the major assumptions and key concepts of the contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality. The features and the variety of studies, including several recent studies that extend integrative interpersonal theory are outlined. It is established that applications of the model for exploring both the idiographic (person‐centered) and nomothetic (variable‐centered) realms of personality. The contemporary interpersonal tradition assumes a pathoplastic relationship between interpersonal functioning and many forms of psychopathology. Key concepts of interpersonal theory: Copy process, Catalysts of internalization, Interpersonal motives, Regulatory Metagoals are described. The interpersonal nexus in psychology is a nomological net that provides the architecture to coordinate definition of personality. Given the advances in interpersonal theory and description discussed here, we would argue that agentic and communal personality characteristics should be essential components of an interdisciplinary science of personality psychology. Стаття присвячена аналізу сучасної інтегративної міжособистісної теорії особистості, що базується на міжособистісній теорії психіатрії, згідно з якою міжособистісна ситуація як одиниця аналізу дозволяє реалізувати міждисциплінарний підхід до діагностики, терапії та лікування пато­психологічних станів. При цьому наголошується, що утворений метаконструктами контекст комунікації по суті є моделлю міжособистісного комплексу, який дозволяє вивчати особистість комплексно, в кон­тексті інтегративного підходу, базуючись не лише на принципах патології, а й на принципах гуманізму. Окреслено основні поняття сучасної інтегративної міжособистісної теорії особистості: копінг-процеси, каталізатори інтерналізації, міжособистісні мотиви, регуляторні метацілі. Проаналізовано  численні дослідження (зокрема сучасні), що не лише розкривають основні поняття інтегративної міжособистісної теорії, а й демонструють можливості її використання у практичній психології та психотерапії. Вста­новлено, що застосування інтегративної міжособистісної теорії для вивчення ідеографічних (орієнтованих на людину) та номотетичних (орієнтованих на норми) сфер дозволяють розглядати особистість комп­лексно, у взаємозв’язку її різних властивостей. Сучасна міжособистісна традиція передбачає зумовленість соціального функціонування міжособистісним контекстом, тобто міжособистісний аспект у психології є номологічною мережею, яка забезпечує основу для інтегративного визначення особистості. З урахуванням надбань міжособистісної теорії та досвіду її використання у практичній психології та психотерапії, констатується, що ключові її аспекти можуть вважатися основними компонентами міждисциплінарної психології особистості.


1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista K. Trobst

Summary: The present article relied upon interpersonal theory ( Sullivan, 1953 ), the interpersonal circumplex model ( Leary, 1957 ), resource exchange theory ( Foa & Foa, 1974 ), and the meta-constructs of agency and communion ( Bakan, 1966 ; Wiggins, 1991 ) in the attempt to explicate a theoretical and measurement model of social support. The Support Actions Scale - Circumplex (SAS-C; Trobst, in press ) provides a circumplex measure of social support whose psychometric characteristics are comparable to the best circumplexes reported in the literature. Empirical findings using this recent measure are summarized and interpreted with respect to an interpersonal theory perspective.


Author(s):  
Christopher J. Hopwood ◽  
Aaron L. Pincus ◽  
Aidan G. C. Wright

Interpersonal theory assumes that the most important expressions of personality and psychopathology occur in interpersonal situations between a self and an other, and that personality pathology is best understood in terms of patterned affective, behavioral, and self dysregulations as well as perceptual distortions in these interpersonal situations. This chapter presents an evidence-based model of interpersonal situations that is structured by dimensions relevant to the self (agency and communion), interpersonal behavior (dominance and warmth), and affect (valence and arousal). This dimensions in this structure can be assessed as relatively stable traits or as dynamic processes. The ability of the interpersonal situation model to provide a useful heuristic model for testable clinical hypotheses is illustrated through a case study of David.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Batabyal ◽  
Anindita Bhattacharya ◽  
Maria Thaker ◽  
Shomen Mukherjee

AbstractYoung adults entering into college experience immense shifts in both personal and professional environments and this may result in some of them experiencing a lot of stress and difficulty in coping with their new surroundings. Such potentially stressful events may trigger multiple psychological as well as physiological effects. The current study investigated multiple psychological parameters such as PSS14 (Perceived Stress Scale), K10 (distress scale) and positive mood measures, along with salivary cortisol levels, in a repeated measures longitudinal study of first year students (~ 19 years of age) enrolled at a residential college in India. Six salivary cortisol samples were collected over a one-year period from 20 students. On each sampling day, a questionnaire designed to evaluate (K10, PSS14 and Mood) psychological parameters was also administered.Overall, men showed a significantly lower level of salivary cortisol compared to women. Men also showed a decrease in perceived stress (PSS14) and distress (K10) with time. However, women reported similar perceived stress and distress levels all year round. Academic stress was reported by the students to be the most important stressor, whereas financial stress was reported the least number of times by all participants. Our results suggest that men seem to have a better capability to adjust to the new environment of a residential program with time. In contrast, women show an elevation in salivary cortisol at the end of the semester (the final assessment stage) in spite of a continuous assessment curricular design. This study not only provides an important glimpse into the sex differences in stress response in the first one year of joining an undergraduate program, but it also provides a valuable longitudinal dataset from the Indian undergraduate student cohort which is lacking in literature.


2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees de Bot ◽  
HuiPing Chan ◽  
Wander Lowie ◽  
Rika Plat ◽  
Marjolijn Verspoor

If language processing and development is viewed as a dynamic process in which all subsystems interact over time, then some basic assumptions behind more traditional approaches to language analysis are problematic: new methods of analysis and modeling are needed to supplement and partly replace existing paradigms. This argument is illustrated with two examples from recent studies. After a brief history of the reasons for a paradigm shift and an explanation of the role of variability in development, the first example study presents a variability-based approach to reaction time measurements in which spectral analyses of variability found during repeated measures of the same experiment may indicate moments of behavioral change. Then the principles of dynamic modeling are explained, illustrated with vocabulary developmental data. The second recent study shows how the vocabulary development of three learners is may be dynamically modeled using a logistic model.


2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-425
Author(s):  
Mark Friesen

This paper investigates the concept of perceived price fairness and its dynamic alteration along the customer buying cycle. Today, variable pricing is widespread in many service industries. Besides the current sales price, customers are extensively exposed to varying external reference prices (for example, advertised prices). Thus, this pricing practice risks being perceived as unfair at some stage along the purchasing process, and negative consumer reactions cannot be ruled out. However, previous research has adopted a quite static approach, which only offered an incomplete picture of fairness perceptions with a specific service offer. To better capture the dynamics, this study conducted a scenario-based experiment with 459 airline customers encompassing repeated measures. The results provide evidence that the perception of distributive and procedural fairness significantly varies with the exposure to changing external reference prices along the buying cycle. Therefore, marketers should be cautious regarding price variations and advertised prices.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Luo ◽  
Christopher J. Hopwood ◽  
Evan W. Good ◽  
Joshua E. Turchan ◽  
Katherine M. Thomas ◽  
...  

The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) integrates several theoretical models of personality functioning, including interpersonal theory. The interpersonal circumplex dimensions of warmth and dominance can be conceptualized as traits similar to those in AMPD Criterion B, but interpersonal theory also offers dynamic hypotheses about how these variables that change from moment to moment, which help to operationalize some of the processes alluded to in AMPD Criterion A. In the psychotherapy literature, dynamic interpersonal behaviors are thought to be critical for identifying therapeutic alliance ruptures, yet few studies have examined moment-to-moment interpersonal behaviors that are associated with alliance ruptures at an idiographic level. The current study examined the concurrent and cross-lagged relationships between interpersonal behaviors and alliance ruptures within each session in the famous Gloria films (“Three Approaches to Psychotherapy”). Interpersonal behaviors (warmth and dominance) as well as alliance ruptures (i.e., withdrawal and confrontation) were calculated at half minute intervals for each dyad. We identified distinct interpersonal patterns associated with alliance ruptures for each session: Gloria (patient)’s warmth was positively related with withdrawal ruptures concurrently in the session with Carl Rogers; Gloria’s dominance and coldness were related with increased confrontation ruptures in the session with Fritz Perls concurrently, while her coldness was also predicted by confrontation ruptures at previous moments; lastly, both Gloria’s dominance and Albert Ellis’s submissiveness were positively related with withdrawal ruptures. These interpersonal patterns demonstrated the promise of using AMPD dimensions to conceptualize momentary interpersonal processes related to therapy ruptures, as well as the clinical importance of attuning to repetitive, dyad-specific interpersonal cues of ruptures within each session.


2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Bailey ◽  
Josh Johann ◽  
Hyoung-Kil Kang

Outdoor adventure activities have been used to facilitate a variety of positive outcomes. However, the practical challenge of collecting data in the field and a heavy reliance on self-report data render it difficult to understand the process of the experience. This study examined the association between self-reported valence and arousal and electroencephalography (EEG)-measured anxiety, focus, and approach motivation to determine the physiological and cognitive response to stressful stimuli and compare those objective measures with self-report assessments. Data were collected from 10 participants fitted with an EEG headset during rappelling. Spearman correlations and repeated-measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results indicated significant changes in EEG readings for anxiety and approach motivation, and significant correlations between self-reported valence and EEG-measured approach motivation. The findings illustrated the acute internal response to a common adventure activity and demonstrated the influence of a novel challenge on the mind and body of participants. Significant changes in self-report assessments were reflected in similar changes in objective measures, indicative of the mind/body connection.


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