Nonverbal Immediacy Mediates the Relationship Between Interpersonal Motives and Belongingness

While belongingness is a predictor of mental and physical health, the lack of social bonds is an issue for many people in occidental countries. This issue calls for global and affordable solutions. In this study, we notably investigated (a) the presumed positive relationships between agentic and communal interactional motives and belongingness, and (b) the mediating role of self-reported non-verbal immediacy—an indicator of availability to interact—in these relationships. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were collected by means of questionnaires to test these hypotheses (NCrossectional = 344; NLongitudinal = 126) using the General Belongingness Scale, the Non-verbal Immediacy Scale, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Results supported the hypotheses: Interpersonal motives and non-verbal immediacy are associated cross-sectionally to belongingness, non-verbal immediacy mediates the interpersonal motives—belongingness relationship and positive changes in non-verbal immediacy are also related to increased belongingness. Practical and research implications are discussed.

To See Oneself as Seen by Others

This article develops a new phenomenological analysis of the interpersonal motives and structure of shame. I pursue the argument that shame is rooted in our desire for social affirmation and conditioned by our ability to see ourselves as we appear to others. My central thesis is that shame is what we feel when, due to some trait or action of ours, we come to perceive ourselves as fundamentally despicable and non-affirmable. By showing how our urge for affirmation fuels and informs our self-perception in shame, the analysis provides a better understanding of the simultaneously interpersonal and personal character of shame. Furthermore, it sheds new light on some central aspects of shame that have been insufficiently understood: on the emotional charge and quality of shame, on the role played by our values and identity in shame, and on the continuity, differences, and transfers between personal shame, social shame, and embarrassment.

More Than Virality: Online Sharing of Controversial News With Activated Audience

In contrast to earlier studies that focus on virality, we examine how individuals share controversial news online by accounting for audience features. The results from surveys of 400 individuals suggest that they are more likely to share highly controversial news (a) on open, asymmetrical social media or (b) with communication partners with a low frequency rather than a high frequency, but are more likely to share moderately controversial news (c) on closed, symmetrical social media. This study implies that interpersonal motives determine the online path of controversial news and that media environments play unique roles in moderating and spreading controversies in society.

CONTEMPORARY INTEGRATIVE INTERPERSONAL THEORY OF PERSONALITY: KEY CONCEPTS

This article is devoted to the concept of integrative interpersonal theory of personality. The origins of the interpersonal theory of personality are found in interpersonal theory of psychiatry. This approach facilitates interdisciplinary conceptualizations of functioning and treatment by emphasizing the interpersonal situation as a prominent unit of analysis, organized by the metaconstructs of agency and communion and the interpersonal circumplex model. The interpersonal circumplex can serve as both companion and guide for those interested in exploring the interpersonal domain of personality. It is outlined the major assumptions and key concepts of the contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality. The features and the variety of studies, including several recent studies that extend integrative interpersonal theory are outlined. It is established that applications of the model for exploring both the idiographic (person‐centered) and nomothetic (variable‐centered) realms of personality. The contemporary interpersonal tradition assumes a pathoplastic relationship between interpersonal functioning and many forms of psychopathology. Key concepts of interpersonal theory: Copy process, Catalysts of internalization, Interpersonal motives, Regulatory Metagoals are described. The interpersonal nexus in psychology is a nomological net that provides the architecture to coordinate definition of personality. Given the advances in interpersonal theory and description discussed here, we would argue that agentic and communal personality characteristics should be essential components of an interdisciplinary science of personality psychology. Стаття присвячена аналізу сучасної інтегративної міжособистісної теорії особистості, що базується на міжособистісній теорії психіатрії, згідно з якою міжособистісна ситуація як одиниця аналізу дозволяє реалізувати міждисциплінарний підхід до діагностики, терапії та лікування пато­психологічних станів. При цьому наголошується, що утворений метаконструктами контекст комунікації по суті є моделлю міжособистісного комплексу, який дозволяє вивчати особистість комплексно, в кон­тексті інтегративного підходу, базуючись не лише на принципах патології, а й на принципах гуманізму. Окреслено основні поняття сучасної інтегративної міжособистісної теорії особистості: копінг-процеси, каталізатори інтерналізації, міжособистісні мотиви, регуляторні метацілі. Проаналізовано численні дослідження (зокрема сучасні), що не лише розкривають основні поняття інтегративної міжособистісної теорії, а й демонструють можливості її використання у практичній психології та психотерапії. Вста­новлено, що застосування інтегративної міжособистісної теорії для вивчення ідеографічних (орієнтованих на людину) та номотетичних (орієнтованих на норми) сфер дозволяють розглядати особистість комп­лексно, у взаємозв’язку її різних властивостей. Сучасна міжособистісна традиція передбачає зумовленість соціального функціонування міжособистісним контекстом, тобто міжособистісний аспект у психології є номологічною мережею, яка забезпечує основу для інтегративного визначення особистості. З урахуванням надбань міжособистісної теорії та досвіду її використання у практичній психології та психотерапії, констатується, що ключові її аспекти можуть вважатися основними компонентами міждисциплінарної психології особистості.

Motivations for attempting suicide in mid- and late-life

ABSTRACTObjectives:To understand pathways to suicide by investigating the association between personality and suicidal motivations in mid- and late-life attempts.Design:In a two-study approach, we measured different components of suicidal motivations using an existing self-report investigating reasons for suicide and a semi-qualitative assessment of motivational states preceding attempts.Setting:Inpatient and outpatient psychiatric services in Pittsburgh, PA.Participants:Study 1 (n = 50, mean age at attempt = 60.4) was a smaller sample of suicide attempters included in Study 2 (n = 69, mean age at attempt = 60.9). Non-psychiatric healthy controls (n = 50, mean age = 67.1) were used as benchmarks for dispositional measures.Measurements:Motives for suicide were measured by the Reasons for Attempting Suicide Questionnaire (RASQ). Participants' written descriptions of the thoughts and feelings preceding their attempt captured motivational states. Measures of personality for both studies included assessments of impulsivity, five-factor model, interpersonal dysfunction, and borderline traits.Results:In study 1, escape/self-punishment motives on the RASQ were associated with multiple attempts and borderline pathology, while interpersonal motives were less frequently endorsed and associated with poorly planned attempts. In study 2, experiences of defeat (i.e. powerlessness, poor coping to threats to autonomy/status) were more frequently endorsed by men and associated with disagreeableness.Conclusions:Study 1 revealed that attempters high in dysfunctional psychopathology were more likely to report self-oriented escape motives for suicide, while study 2 identified a putative pathway to suicide in men involving antagonism and the experience of defeat.

Analysis of Features of Motivational Priorities to Recreation and Recreational Activities of Different Groups of People

Actuality. The reasons for insufficient focusing on of people's health and their involvement in recreational and healthful activities are due to the lack of motivation of individuals in different population groups, from childhood to maturity. Improving the situation in question requires taking a number of measures that presuppose identifying and creating conditions for the realization of the motives for recreational and healthful activities, involving people in regular physical training during their lives. The goal of the research is to determine the peculiarities in the motivational priorities of different population groups for recreational and healthful activities. Research Results. The task of recreational and healthful activities is to make motor activity more meaningful, purposeful in accordance with the individual peculiarities of everyone involved. E. O. Fedorenko suggested the classification of motivational factors for schoolchildren, which can be clustered into 5 groups: informational, individual, educational, informational and communicative, structural and financial. O. E. Likhachev distinguishes three types of motives for recreational and healthful activities in woman’s class: motivation by an object as a type of motor activity; motivation by a situation and motivation through partnership. It should be noted that motivational factors for the elderly, according to A.B. Belorusov are rather specific, namely: internal-personal motives, interpersonal motives, motives that operate at the community level. Conclusions. Due to the investigation of the motivation for recreational and healthful activities of different population groups, the absence of a unified, integrated system for the development of motivational priorities throughout life, from childhood to maturity has been found out. Each age period has its own specific features depending on conditions and environment, on the level of health and support of family members and friends, on the opportunities to learn and develop individually, on the level of satisfaction and the perception of environment.

Communal and Agentic Interpersonal and Intergroup Motives Predict Preferences for Status Versus Power

Seven studies involving 1,343 participants showed how circumplex models of social motives can help explain individual differences in preferences for status (having others’ admiration) versus power (controlling valuable resources). Studies 1 to 3 and 7 concerned interpersonal motives in workplace contexts, and found that stronger communal motives (to have mutual trust, support, and cooperation) predicted being more attracted to status (but not power) and achieving more workplace status, while stronger agentic motives (to be firm, decisive, and influential) predicted being more attracted to and achieving more workplace power, and experiencing a stronger connection between workplace power and job satisfaction. Studies 4 to 6 found similar effects for intergroup motives: Stronger communal motives predicted wanting one’s ingroup (e.g., country) to have status—but not power—relative to other groups. Finally, most people preferred status over power, and this was especially true for women, which was partially explained by women having stronger communal motives.