How Do We Get to Causal Clarity on Physical Environment-Crime Dynamics?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Environmental Criminology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Defensible Space ◽  
Deep Sense

This chapter discusses research and theorizing about the crime impacts of the physical environment, relating it to past reviews of scholarship in this area, and highlighting the crucial question of causality. It introduces key stumbling blocks in community criminology that must be addressed before scholarship can advance on the crucial causality question. Environmental criminology in a deep sense represents a field within a broader field of community criminology. The chapter underscores just a few of the most important recent works in four select areas within the physical environment-crime scholarship: space syntax, facilities and land use, accessibility/permeability, and crime prevention through environmental design/defensible space. The final section sketches one possible avenue for future research which can address these concerns.

scholarly journals SOCIAL NETWORK BY ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN: FACILITATING THERAPEUTIC EFFECT IN LTCF FOR PEOPLE EXPERIENCING DEMENTIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S462-S462
Author(s):  
Farhana Ferdous
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Environmental Gerontology

Abstract The relationship between the physical environment and the prevalence of social interaction have been a core topic of inquiry in environmental gerontology. It has been estimated that around 25 million people worldwide have dementia, and the number will exceed 80 million by 2040. A growing body of literature in the areas of environment-behavior studies shows that the physical environment affects positive behavioral changes, in turn, affecting individual, group and organizational outcomes, but little research has focused on older adults especially those with cognitive impairment by targeting the Dementia Enabling Environment of care facilities. By using non-pharmacological interventions, the purpose of this study is to initiate positive social network among dementia residents and staff by analyzing the spatial configuration of the physical environment and layout in long-term care facilities (LTCF). The findings may give evidence-based design guidelines for future research and design of memory care facilities to promote therapeutic experience for older people experiencing early to moderate stage dementia. Using a 3-stage, multi-method research design such as space syntax, behavior mapping techniques and direct observations, this study objectively measured the spatial configuration of LTCF (physical environment) to evaluate the provision of social interactions (among dementia residents and staff), promote positive health outcomes and healthy living for people experiencing early to moderate stage dementia. This study was able to establish that the architectural layout and environmental design could have a positive and protective effect against dementia in environmental gerontology and geriatrics.

Environment Redesigned for Crime Prevention with CPTED Strategies — A Case Study of Typical Chinese Community

2014 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 805-810
Author(s):  
Cheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
Simple Idea ◽  
Theory Of Crime

Old communities suffer increasing crime rates in China. The original environment layout can not meet the needs of living safety and needs redesign for crime prevention. The theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design or CPTED is based on one simple idea that crime results partly from the opportunities presented by physical environment. It is possible to alter the physical environment so that crime is less likely to occur. This paper focuses on CPTED strategies applied to a typical Chinese community for neighborhood renewal. The physical environment problems associated with community crime and fear of crime are first identified. Four distinct ways to implement CPTED strategies are emphasized and discussed in detail individually in the research: community layout, traffic, landscaping and buildings. The paper ends with pending issues and a major lesson that CPTED must be tailored to the specific problems occurring in particular settings.

scholarly journals What Is CPTED? Reconnecting Theory with Application in the Words of Users and Abusers

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Armitage ◽  
Leanne Monchuk
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Environmental Criminology ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
Housing Design ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Burglary Risk

Abstract Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) represents a multifaceted approach to crime reduction that draws upon theories from environmental criminology, architecture and urban design and requires the commitment of agencies as diverse as police, planners, and housing developers. Its importance as a crime reduction approach has been formalized through strategy, policy, and regulation and its effectiveness has been confirmed in evaluations (see Brown, unpublished data, Pascoe, 1999, Armitage, 2000, Teedon et al., 2009; 2010, Armitage and Monchuk, 2011). Yet there remains a lack of clarity regarding CPTED’s definition, scope, and crucially, the fundamental components that form its definition. Conscious of the need for clarity and consistency, this article presents the findings from in-depth interviews with a sample of 10 incarcerated, adult, male burglars and 10 Designing Out Crime Officers in England and Wales. The method was exploratory and inductive, with participants being encouraged to express their perceptions of housing design features and the association of these features with burglary risk. The findings reveal key similarities between the users and abusers of CPTED and confirm (and elevate) the significance of features such as surveillance. However, other features of design traditionally considered as critical to burglary risk are afforded less importance—raising questions regarding terminology, weighting and redefinition.

Defensible Space

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert I. Mawby
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Defensible Space ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Influence

While the term “defensible space” is widely referenced in literature on situational crime pre vention and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, it is commonly mentioned in passing, almost as an historical landmark, with its relationship to more recent work assumed rather than rigorously examined. Yet, Oscar Newman’s work bridged the gap between criminological theories and preventive approaches in the pre-1970s era and the more grounded and policy driven approaches that are common today. Consequently, this article looks at the context within which Newman developed his ideas and revisits his core work. It then considers the initial response from the criminology and planning communities, which focused on the methodological and theoretical weaknesses that undermined what were, essentially, a series of imaginative, exploratory propositions about the influence of design on crime patterns. In this sense, it is clear that Newman both provoked and inspired further research into the relationship between urban design and crime, and indeed, between crime, crime targets, and space, looking at the specific influence of design, technology, social engineering, and so on. Terms such as ownership, visibility, occupancy, accessibility, image, and juxtaposition, which Newman used, are now incorporated into more sophistical theories of situational crime prevention. This article thus offers a reanalysis of defensible space in the context of later refinements and the application of Newman’s ideas to current policies.

scholarly journals Third-Generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateja Mihinjac ◽  
Gregory Saville
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

This paper advances crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) theory and practice by introducing a holistic and integrated crime prevention theory called Third-Generation CPTED. We use Third-Generation CPTED to expand both the situational focus of traditional CPTED and the social ecology/neighbourhood focus of Second-Generation CPTED, by creating a new theory that integrates human motivation and aspirations within a neighbourhood Liveability Hierarchy. Central to our theory is the planning concept of liveability and, because safety from crime, fear, and victimization is such an integral part of quality of life, we present two underlying themes on which liveability depends: public health and sustainability. We propose some theoretical assumptions and propositions that underpin the theory and suggest areas for future research. Our contention is that a holistic and integrative Third-Generation CPTED elevates liveability from the role of basic infrastructure and habitat to providing residents with opportunities to enhance their own personal aspirations and improve their quality of life.

scholarly journals Discovering Distinctive Street Patterns of Snatch Theft through Crime Prevention through Environmental Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Siti Rasidah Md Sakip
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Street Environment ◽  
Open Access Article

The theft crime rate in Malaysia for 2010 and 2015 is experiencing an increase in the rate of decline. This high-crime activity depends on an opportunity to commit a crime at the time of the incident. Thus, this paper is aimed at discovering distinctive street patterns of snatch theft through crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This research is a qualitative approach by field observation to investigate the physical environment of the snatch theft hotspot area. The finding indicates the three main principles of CPTED, which are surveillance, access control and territoriality contributed to snatch theft crime incidence.Keywords: Snatch theft; Street; Environment setting; CPTEDeISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1891

scholarly journals Crowdfunding: Motives, Definitions, Typology and Ethical Challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mokter Hossain ◽  
Gospel Onyema Oparaocha
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Conceptual Paper

AbstractCrowdfunding is an emerging phenomenon that has attracted significant interest from scholars and practitioners alike, mainly due to its appeal as an alternative source of funding. As crowdfunding has grown exponentially, so have the associated challenges and opportunities. In this conceptual paper, we define crowdfunding; discuss its characteristics, related terminologies, key elements and ethical issues. We also propose a typology for crowdfunding and indicate various issues associated with it. The final section includes the implications of this study and suggestions for future research. This paper aims to inspire a scholarly debate and further develop the theoretical foundation of the crowdfunding literature. This may also prompt practitioners to take note of the emerging concerns as the crowdfunding phenomenon is transforming from a marginal to a mainstream discipline.

Urban environmental design of land use in Tokyo metropolitan area

1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Watanabe ◽  
Hirotoshi Yoda ◽  
Toshio Ojima
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area

scholarly journals Heat and fraud: evaluating how room temperature influences fraud likelihood

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanxu Liu ◽  
Jingwen Yang ◽  
Yuki Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Perceived Temperature

AbstractDespite the considerable amount of research devoted to understanding fraud, few studies have examined how the physical environment can influence the likelihood of committing fraud. One recent study found a link between room brightness and occurrence of human fraud behaviors. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate how temperature may affect fraud. Based on a power analysis using the effect size observed in a pilot study, we recruited 105 participants and randomly divided them into three temperature groups (warm, medium, and cool). We then counted fraud behaviors in each group and tested for potential significant differences with a Kruskal–Wallis test. Additionally, we used a correlation analysis to determine whether the perceived temperature affected fraud. As a result, regardless of participants’ subjective sensory experience or their physical environment, we did not find that temperature-related factors influence the incidence of fraud. We discussed the potential reason for the results and suggested directions for future research.

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