The Economics of Gossip and Collective Reputation

2019 ◽  
pp. 400-416
Author(s):  
Federico Boffa ◽  
Stefano Castriota
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Opportunistic Behavior ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Collective Reputation ◽  
The One

This chapter deals with reputation with a strong focus on the reputation of firms—groups or coalitions. To that end, the chapter heavily draws on the economic literature. The first section illustrates the three main sources of reputation (i.e., individual, collective, and institutional) and shows how reputation develops, why it matters, and how it can be preserved. The section then focuses on collective and institutional reputations and discusses the major problems arising with them, that is, free-riding and opportunistic behavior. In the second section, we move to the relation between reputation and gossip. We discuss some basic principles of social learning and then move to the analysis of word-of-mouth, a notion that shares many similarities with gossip. Finally, we illustrate the link between individual and collective reputation, on the one hand, and word-of-mouth, on the other, where fakery is an important issue to be dealt with.

Part II The New EU Prospectus Rules, 12 The Summary and Risk Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Have Robert ten
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Maximum Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Member States ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
The One

This chapter addresses the prospectus summary and risk factors. Based on the aim of the new Prospectus Regulation to further harmonize prospectuses across Member States, the new format for the summary is highly prescriptive and standardized, with a strong focus on accessibility. The summary format includes the entitlement of the sub-sections in the form of questions. A separate Commission delegated regulation contains regulatory technical standards to specify the content and format of presentation of the key financial information to be included in the summary. From an issuer's perspective, when drawing up the prospectus, there may be a tension between on the one hand the (new) requirement that the summary shall be ‘accurate, fair and not misleading’, and on the other that the summary needs to be ‘concise’ and is bound to a maximum length. In addition, the new Prospectus Regulation applies an overall cap of 15 for the number of risk factors that may be included in the summary. In view of the maximum length requirement and the capped number of risk factors, issuers and their advisers will need to make choices as to what to include or not include in the summary, which may bring concerns about ensuing liability.

The True Perplexity: The Guide of the Perplexed Part II, Chapter 24

1991 ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Tzvi Langermann
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Guide Of The Perplexed

This chapter focuses on part II, Chapter 24 of Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed, which discusses the incompatibility of the models used by professional astronomers with the basic tenets of the Aristotelian world-view. On the one hand, the epicycles and eccentrics employed by astronomers seem to violate the principle that the motion of the heavenly bodies be uniform, circular, and about a fixed centre. On the other hand, the results achieved through the use of these very devices are startlingly precise. This, Maimonides says, is the ‘true perplexity’. The chapter then looks at three aspects of this true perplexity. It also compares the views expressed in the Guide with the rules laid down in the third chapter of the ‘Laws Concerning the Basic Principles of the Torah’, which forms the first section of the Mishneh Torah. It is particularly concerned with two questions: did Maimonides consider the true configuration of the heavens to be inscrutable? And can a close reading of both texts offer any clues about this true configuration? Finally, the chapter considers the views of some of Maimonides’ followers on these questions.

New Developments in Mistake of Identity

1961 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Hall
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Good News ◽  
Acceptance Test ◽  
Simple Application ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Magic Formula ◽  
Telephone Directory ◽  
English Law ◽  
The One

It was only six years ago that C. J. Slade wrote his memorable article “The Myth of Mistake in the English Law of Contract” in which he placed the whole subject of mistake in a new and agreeable perspective. “Mistake as such,” he declared, “has no operative effect whatever at law.”This was good news for the student; but problems of error in persona still had to be solved, and for these Mr. Slade proposed a simple application of the basic principles of offer and acceptance. The test was whether A's offer was addressed to B and B's acceptance addressed to A, their intention being construed objectively unless that of the one was known to the other, in which case the actual intention of the former determined the matter. The authorities, for the most part, ranged themselves in substantial support, and rationality, it seemed, had been injected at last into this confused branch of the law.This reassurance has now been disturbed by the case of Ingram v. Little, which reminds us that the offer and acceptance test is no magic formula acting as a ready panacea for all the ills caused by error in persona.The facts which gave rise to Ingram v. Little are by now well known. Three ladies who wished to sell their car were offered an acceptable price by a stranger, but they made it plain they would not accept payment by cheque. He then pretended to them that he was a certain P. G. M. Hutchinson and quoted an address which the ladies found to be the one shown beside that person's name in the telephone directory.

Research Notes on Network Analysis

1969 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-149
Author(s):  
Philip C. Packard
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Usual Case ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The One

In the economic literature, one approach to development has centred on capital accumulation. This leads to an emphasis upon public finance, foreign aid, and such-like measures designed to raise funds for governments to invest. In the sub-Saharan situation, capital accumulation poses a dilemma: on the one hand there are great institutional deficiencies for raising capital; on the other, the amount of capital which most observers feel can be raised is much less than the ‘needs’ of African societies. This concentration on the problems of capital and its accumulation is what economists call the ‘macro’ approach. It asks what over-all amounts of capital are needed. It does not in the usual case relate the total capital to its different uses.

The Ornicopter – a tailless helicopter with active flapping blades

2014 ◽  
Vol 118 (1205) ◽  
pp. 743-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wan ◽  
M. D. Pavel
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lateral Stability ◽  
Propulsive Force ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Shaft Torque ◽  
The One

Abstract The ‘Ornicopter’ is a single-rotor helicopter without anti-torque rotor developed since 2002 at Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands. The Ornicopter’s principle is similar to the movement of a bird’s wing and is based on actively flapping the blades up and down while rotating them around a shaft to generate both the required lift and the propulsive force. The shaft torque is no longer needed and thus the anti-torque rotor is redundant. The present paper describes the basic principles of the Ornicopter’s forced flapping, discussing the feasibility of the Ornicopter concept with respect to the power required, performance, stability, and vibratory loads. On the one side it is shown that the Ornicopter has a similar power requirement to a conventional helicopter, as well as very similar longitudinal and lateral stability and controllability characteristics to a conventional helicopter. On the other side, the Ornicopter generates higher vibratory loads than in a conventional helicopter, and its performance is strongly limited by the stall effect.

Stable individual differences in situation‐behaviour, construct‐behaviour, and goal‐behaviour relations

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Claeys ◽  
Luc Timmers ◽  
Karen Phalet
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Cognitive Social Learning ◽  
The One ◽  
Interpersonal Situations ◽  
Practical Implications

This study starts from a cognitive‐social‐learning conceptualization of the contribution of static person by situation interaction to overt behaviour variance. Individual differences in the relation between, on the one hand, situational variation in behaviour and, on the other hand, situational variation in objective situational characteristics, situational variation in construed situational characteristics, and situational variation in goals‐in‐situations were systematically investigated. Thirty‐six first‐year psychology students had to freely generate and briefly describe 20 interpersonal situations that they had encountered during the last year. Afterwards, they had to rate each situation for four basic behavioural continua, eight supplied objective situational characteristics, eight supplied constructs, and eight supplied goals. Correlational analysis revealed many stable individual differences, not only in degree, but also in direction (sign) of situation‐behaviour, construct–behaviour, and goal–behaviour relations. These relational variables could be reduced to seven relational factorial dimensions. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Is the Dutch euthanasia regulation compatible with Evangelium Vitae?

1996 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-481
Author(s):  
W.J. Eijk
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
The One ◽  
Protection Of Life

The Netherlands was the first country in Western Europe to have a legal regulation on euthanasia. The law implies that euthanasia without a request by the patient (or surrogate) remains formally forbidden; how it enables the physician - who performs the euthanasia - to use the defence of force majeure which here implies a form of “necessity”. The necessity is defined as a conflict of duties: on the one hand the physician has the duty to respect the legal protection of life; on the other hand there should be the duty to relieve the patient’s suffering. These two duties would conflict when the usual means to alleviate the suffering are exhausted and the suffering could consequently only be taken away by terminating life. This conflict shows the weakness of the Dutch euthanasia regulation. There should be a legal objection to the generalization of an appeal for a defence of necessity; every offence, including euthanasia, can theorically come under article 40 of the Dutch Criminal Code concerning force majeure, but an appeal to force majeure is intended by it only for isolated cases. Notwithstanding the formal confirmation of the potential for punishment in order to make euthanasia easier to control, in practice, however, this does not appear to be the case. Finally, the appeal to the defence of necessity in a case of euthanasia is in conflict with the basic principles of the natural law. Viewed in the light of John Paul’s Encyclical Evangelium Vitae, it could be qualified as a further contribution to the present culture of death.

Revisiting the Agenda of the Orthodox Neo-Patristic Movement

2018 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Viorel Coman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
Orthodox Theology ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

The Neo-Patristic movement’s program to liberate Orthodox theology from the influences of Western scholasticism is one of the many reasons that explain the consolidation of anti-Western feelings in some Orthodox circles today. Although the basic principles of the Neo-Patristic movement could represent, if misunderstood, a source of inspiration for the fundamentalist groups, this article argues that the position of the Neo-Patristic direction vis-à-vis the West cannot be reduced to its efforts to free theology from scholastic influences. To support this argument, the article turns to Dumitru Stăniloae, a leading Neo-Patristic figure, and shows that his theological program has been guided by two main axes: on the one hand, the quest for an authentic restauratio patristica in Orthodoxy, which frees theology from Western scholastic influences and restores the ethos of Eastern Christianity; one the other hand, a genuine interest to engage himself in a constructive dialogue with contemporary Western theology.

scholarly journals HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE FOR OTHER COUNTRIES WHICH AFFECTED BY DISASTER AS IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Boby Sigit Adipradono
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
World Order ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Right

The basic principles of the implementation of Indonesian foreign policy have been stated in the opening paragraph of the first paragraph of the 1945 Constitution, "that actual independence is the right of all nations. And therefore, colonization of the world must be abolished, because it is not in accordance with humanity and justice. The establishment of this country is to "participate in carrying out world order based on freedom, eternal peace, and social justice". The Indonesian people in carrying out the constitutional mandate is to help other countries affected by the disaster. The assistance is given to other countries without any regulations which are the basis for the government to pay for the assistance. The provision of humanitarian assistance to other countries by the Indonesian government has created a dilemma among officials who have the authority to issue the budget. On the one hand, the President's order must be implemented, on the other side spending the budget for humanitarian assistance to other countries affected by the disaster there are no regulations that regulate it.

scholarly journals Hierarchical forms of inequality in reality: in search of regularities and problems of explanation

Geografie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Martin Hampl
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Environmental Systems ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
The One ◽  
Empirical Generalizations

The paper is devoted to the problems of study of environmental systems, especially to geographic systems. There is a strong focus on a search for regularities in the differentiation of real systems and on a discussion of possible explanatory principles of these regularities. Above all, there is a summary of the results of the research focused in this way at the socio-geographic centre of the Faculty of Science of Charles University. The research is based on the ideas and empirical generalizations of Jaromír Korčák. Eighty years have already passed since Professor Korčák published his study about two basic types of arrangement of mass phenomena in reality: a relative homogeneity of generic systems of elements on the one hand and asymmetric (hierarchical) differentiation of environmental systems on the other.

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