Corpus Compilation and Exploitation in Language Documentation Projects

2018 ◽  
pp. 247-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Mosel
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Language Documentation ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Corpus Linguistic ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Syntactic Annotation ◽  
Annotated Corpora

This chapter analyzes the specific characteristics of corpora of endangered languages from a corpus linguistic perspective. Therefore it starts with a definition of the central notions of corpus and text and then investigates how the heterogeneous language documentation corpora may fit into a general typology of corpora. The third section looks at the genres and registers that for methodological and theoretical reasons are typical for language documentations, whereas the fourth section deals with the structure of corpora and how texts of a particular content, genre or register can be accessed in archives. The format of the texts, which are typically annotated audio and video recordings, is described in the fifth section and deals with metadata, transcription, orthography, translation, glossing, and syntactic annotation. How annotated corpora can be analyzed for grammatical and lexical research is shown in the sixth section. The last section summarizes the specific features of language documentation corpora.

Journalistic objectivity and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Harris Parker
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Daily Show ◽  
Daily Show ◽  
The Third ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The press is a constitutive part of our society. It helps create national identities and formulates society's understanding of itself and its place in the world. Moreover, a free press is indispensable for ensuring the vibrancy of a democracy. For these reasons, a close inspection of news, and an evaluation of its performance, is crucial. We must look to the development of the mass press at the turn of the twentieth century to locate the beginnings of journalistic objectivity and the type of news we are familiar with today. The first section of this paper offers a review of accounts of this transformational period, placing opposing theories within the larger framework of the frictions between cultural studies and political economy, and underscores the need for a holistic understanding of the period. The second section chronicles the press's articulation of its new professional tenets, offers a definition of journalistic objectivity, and reveals its intrinsic limitations. The third section details how the modern press's ideal democratic mandate has been compromised, with the influence of the press being used instead to ensconce powerful interests. And the fourth section outlines the calls for a redefinition of journalism in light of the failures covered in the preceding section. Finally, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is offered as an alternative journalistic form that transcends the dangerous dogma of traditional news outlets, allowing it to fulfill the democratic responsibility of the press by encouraging a critical and astute citizenry.

History, Identity, and the Present

2020 ◽  
pp. 251-290
Author(s):  
Donald Bloxham
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Difficulty ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Past Action ◽  
Present Part ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

part 4 History, Identity, and the Present Part 4 considers the role of historical consciousness in shaping present-day identity. It is critical of prejudicial ‘Identity History’ while enjoining historians to embrace their roles in historical arguments pertaining to identity. The first section clarifies what falls outside the definition of ‘Identity History’, noting that much excellent scholarship pertains to identity and even serves identity goals without being prejudicial. The second section highlights where historians working on identity matters are likely to fall into conceptual difficulty. Is the relationship between past ‘them’ and present ‘us’ a matter of identity or difference or a bit of both? Identity History is inconsistent here, with different attitudes taken depending on whether that past behaviour was good or bad by present lights. There are consequences for the historian’s engagement with past rights and wrongs, harms and benefits, because claims on these matters constitute stakes in the identity game whose winner gets to decide what is desirable in the here and now. The third section develops such themes and distinguishes between more and less appropriate idioms for characterizing the relationship between contemporary polities and groups on one hand and the deeds of relevant ‘forebears’ on the other hand. It is a mistake to talk of contemporary guilt, or for that matter virtue, in light of what one’s predecessors did, but the language of shame or pride may be appropriate. The fourth section addresses the material legacies of past action, considering matters of compensation and redistribution. The concluding section returns to broader principles.

The Financial and Social Cost of Public–Private Partnerships

2018 ◽  
pp. 106-128
Author(s):  
María José Romero ◽  
Bodo Ellmers
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

Most of the existing literature on public-private partnerships (PPPs) focuses exclusively on the nature and perceived benefits of PPPs, notably their professed efficiency gains in the provision of public goods and services. However, little attention has been devoted to analyzing one of the main drivers of PPPs, that is, their use by governments to hide public debt—through non-transparent accounting practices—and their consequences. In this chapter, we assess the financial and social costs of PPPs and illustrate their impact on public debt and human rights, drawing on several examples in order to offer some lessons from experience to date. The chapter is organized into four sections. The first examines the definition of PPPs and their main characteristics. The second presents the most recent figures available on PPPs. The third analyzes the rationale behind governments’ choice of PPPs over other forms of infrastructure and service provision, by focusing on off-balance sheet accounting. The fourth section presents a critical assessment of PPPs and their impact on sustainable development.

Race and Racial Discrimination

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Zack
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Racial Difference ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

This article attempts to develop an accessible approach to race and racism in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The second section is about the concept of racism, and, by derivation, racists and racist behavior. Any acceptable definition of racism would seem to presuppose the existence of races and racial difference. Therefore, the third section, ‘Race’, is an examination of those concepts. The fourth section ‘Remedies’, is a discussion of practical correctives to racism in the light of the progress made in second and third sections.

Policy analysis in advisory councils

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Flamand
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Advisory Boards ◽  
Public Advisory ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter explores the increasing and rather prominent role of public advisory boards in the Mexican federal government with emphasis on policy analysis instruments and methods, conditions for sound analysis, and existing organizational capabilities. The chapter is organized into four sections. The first provides a definition of the term “advisory boards”, given its different and at times contradictory uses. The second section describes the construction and criteria used to build the first universe of advisory boards in the Mexican federal government, circa 2015. The third part presents a comparative analysis of two of the most influential advisory boards in Mexico: CONEVAL, devoted to the evaluation of social policy, and INECC, in charge of providing technical and scientific advice to environmental decision makers. The fourth section discusses the main findings and presents conclusions.

scholarly journals Is Searlean Insincere Promise a Speech Act?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Ogleznev
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
John Searle ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Classical Definition ◽  
Basic Argument ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Normal Speech

In this article, I focus solely on the study of the classical definition of the speech act of promising given in the works of John Searle. In the first section, I consider the conditions and rules for the successful performance of the act of promising. The second section includes an analysis of some contradictions in Searle’s approach to the insincere promise. I discuss his basic argument that insincere promises are speech acts. The third section deals with the case of a polite promise. The fourth section presents a refutation of Searle’s claim to recognize an insincere promise as a promise and a speech act. In the last section, I conclude that for the ‘normal’ speech act of promising, the requirement of the sincerity condition ‘S intends to do A’ is necessary; otherwise it is not a promise at all, and thus the Searlean insincere promise is not a speech act.

scholarly journals Journalistic objectivity and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Harris Parker
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Daily Show ◽  
Daily Show ◽  
The Third ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The press is a constitutive part of our society. It helps create national identities and formulates society's understanding of itself and its place in the world. Moreover, a free press is indispensable for ensuring the vibrancy of a democracy. For these reasons, a close inspection of news, and an evaluation of its performance, is crucial. We must look to the development of the mass press at the turn of the twentieth century to locate the beginnings of journalistic objectivity and the type of news we are familiar with today. The first section of this paper offers a review of accounts of this transformational period, placing opposing theories within the larger framework of the frictions between cultural studies and political economy, and underscores the need for a holistic understanding of the period. The second section chronicles the press's articulation of its new professional tenets, offers a definition of journalistic objectivity, and reveals its intrinsic limitations. The third section details how the modern press's ideal democratic mandate has been compromised, with the influence of the press being used instead to ensconce powerful interests. And the fourth section outlines the calls for a redefinition of journalism in light of the failures covered in the preceding section. Finally, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is offered as an alternative journalistic form that transcends the dangerous dogma of traditional news outlets, allowing it to fulfill the democratic responsibility of the press by encouraging a critical and astute citizenry.

Terrorism: The Qur'anic View

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-199
Author(s):  
Abd al-Rahman al-Matrudi
Keyword(s):  
September 11 ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
International Issue ◽  
Definition Of

This paper discusses the concept of terrorism and Islam's stance regarding it, beginning with a linguistic definition of the term ‘terrorism’. The second section of the paper discusses the roots and evolution of terrorism in human society. The researcher alludes to some of the specific features of terrorism; the paper also attempts to uncover the causes behind this phenomenon. The third section of the paper focuses on terrorism from the Islamic point of view, beginning with the linguistic implications of the word as found in the Qur'an. The paper also discusses Islam's guidance regarding combating terrorism. The fourth section discusses the international stance concerning terrorism; the researcher indicates that, until the events of September 11 when the phenomenon of terrorism became an international issue, efforts to combat terrorism were based on localised problems. Finally, the paper offers some recommendations for combating terrorism.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
S. I. Zenko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING OF SENTENCED PERSONS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
JAROSLAV KLÁTIK ◽  
◽  
LIBOR KLIMEK
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
European Level ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third

The work deals with implementation of electronic monitoring of sentenced persons in the Slovak Republic. It is divided into eight sections. The first section introduces restorative justice as a prerequisite of electronic monitoring in criminal proceedings. While the second section points out at the absence of legal regulation of electronic monitoring of sentenced persons at European level, the third section points out at recommendations of the Council of Europe addressed to European States. The fourth section analyses relevant alternative punishments in Slovak criminal justice. The fifth section introduces early beginnings of implementation of concerned system - the pilot project “Electronic Personnel Monitoring System” of the Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic. While the sixth section is focused on Slovak national law regulating electronic monitoring of sentenced persons - the Act No. 78/2015 Coll. on Control of the Enforcement of Certain Decisions by Technical Instruments, the seventh section is focused on further amendments of Slovak national law - namely the Act No. 321/2018 Coll. and the Act No. 214/2019 Coll. The last eight section introduces costs of system implementation and its operation.

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