Epistemology

Author(s):  
Annette Schellenberg

This article discusses how cognitive issues are related to the ancient Israelites’ idea of wisdom. Focusing on the aspects of experience and reasoning, tradition, skepticism, and revelation, it traces general assumptions found throughout all sapiential texts as well as historical developments and controversies among contemporaries. More concretely, it argues that for much of biblical history sapiential epistemology is characterized by a high esteem of experience and reasoning and the belief that all human beings share the same cognitive abilities (and limitations, respectively). In later times, however, these two characteristics lose their importance and are given up, respectively—not through the idea of revelation in general, which was implicitly present from the very beginning, but through the idea of special revelation only to an elect group.

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-315
Author(s):  
Halina Święczkowska ◽  
Beata Piecychna

Abstract The present study deals with the problem of the acquisition of language in children in the light of rationalist philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. The main objective of the paper is to present the way Gerauld de Cordemoy’s views on the nature of language, including its socio-linguistic aspects, and on the process of speech acquisition in children are reflected in contemporary writings on how people communicate with each other. Reflections on 17th-century rationalist philosophy of mind and the latest research conducted within the field of cognitive abilities of human beings indicate that between those two spheres many similarities could be discerned in terms of particular stages of the development of speech and its physical aspects.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
YOSEP SETIAWAN

Educational institution is an institution of the brain industry. Therefore, education is a vehicle for mental exercise. With education will be able to sharpen the brain to form human beings quality. Qualified people are intelligent human beings comprehensive and competitive savvy are reflected in personal moral, creative, and productive and full responsibility in living our daily lives. But the spotlight and complaints against educational institutions still occur, various perceived problems among students learn the lower interest. Students tend to subjects who tested nationally (National Examination), the methods used by teachers in teaching the more commonly used methods of lecture and question and answer, sometimes the discussion so that the lessons seem monotonous and less innovative, subjects received more students cederung nature doctrine in the form of memorization alone and rarely developed in the context of everyday life so that lessons just more leads to mastery of concepts and tend to train cognitive abilities-intellectual, not a lot of touching the realm of other intelligence in accordance with the potential of the students. The other problem is the tendency of the still rampant behavior is not commendable at this time in various forms, for example, students commit suicide because they do not pass the exam, involved in drugs, fighting between students, the behavior of cheating, careless, style punky, smoking, going out, and so become a reason for choosing this topic as study materials. The problem is what strengthens the belief writers to examine and assess the importance of the development of multiple intelligence through integrative learning-based game in an attempt to develop students' potential intelligence to realize a comprehensive and intelligent smart students competitive. This paper formulated into some discussion that begins with an introduction that lists reasons for the importance of this issue is discussed, and then forwarded to the review of the concept of multiple intelligence. Followed by a study on the definition, purpose and benefits of the games, the development of multiple intelligence through integrative learning-based games and ending with examples of games in integrative learning process.


Mediaevistik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-238
Author(s):  
Jane Beal

In the Anthropocene geological era (which can be dated from the Industrial Revolution ca. 1780 to the present day), human beings have been polluting water world-wide, to the point that they are endangering their own lives and the fragile balances <?page nr="238"?>that should be maintained in the earth’s eco-systems. In the medieval era, human beings did not yet have the capacity to threaten their own existence through technological “advances” that could lay waste to water resources. Indeed, water – in the form of floods and storms on sea or land – was more likely to destroy humanity than humanity was to destroy water. Thus, major works of contemporary eco-criticism have focused on modern literature and culture, as does Timothy Clark’s Ecocriticism on the Edge: The Anthropocene as a Threshhold Concept (2015) and Jedidiah Purdy’s After Nature: A Politics for the Anthropocene (2015). Yet medieval literature and culture is also worthy of eco-critical analysis, for the fountain-heads of modernity spring from the medieval period, and there can be no proper understanding of historical developments in the Anthropocene era without a deeper knowledge of medieval understandings of water.


Author(s):  
Tarun Kanti Jana

The manufacturing industry is undergoing drastic changes owing to a steep rise in business competition and growing complexities in other business perspectives. The highly turbulent market is characterized by ever-increasing mass customization, wide volume-mix, shorter lead time, and low cost, which along with varieties of internal disturbances have complicated the business stability. The multi-agent-based systems comprising of fundamental entities called agents and characterized by autonomy, cooperation, and self-organizing abilities have already made remarkable breakthrough to deal with the challenges through increased robustness, scalability, and enhanced adaptability through their dynamic capabilities. The decision-making ability of the agents can be augmented if equipped with cognitive abilities like that of human beings. The chapter discusses cyber-physical production system (CPPS) to realize cognitive manufacturing in non-conventional machining environments.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Setareh Mohsenifar ◽  
Mohsen Arjmand ◽  
Habibollah Ghassemzadeh ◽  
Shabnam Salimi

AbstractThe ability to categorize has been known as one of the most important cognitive abilities in human beings. When it comes to the topic of categorization type, it seems different people select differently. Some of them categorize on the basis of similarity judgment and some based on the uni-dimensional rule. The present study attempts to evaluate the tendency toward a specific type of categorization as can be observed in a voluntary group of medical students in Iran. Most of the studies in categorization have been conducted in Western world and some of Eastern-Asian people. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has been done in categorization in Iran. The results suggest that Iranians, like Eastern-Asian people, tend to categorize mostly based on similarity. There was not any relationship between the IQ scores of the participants and the type of categorization. We also examined the implications of the words “similarity” and “belonging to” as translated into Persian.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
Justina Žiūraitė-Pupelė

The article explores how artificial intelligence is constructed in a female body and showcases the boundaries between human and technological traits, as well as the relationship between human beings and technology. The article defines the notion of artificial intelligence and discusses how artificial intelligence is portrayed in science fiction films. The article does not attempt to provide new theoretical insights into artificial intelligence but, instead, to show how artificial intelligence is characterised in the context of modern science fiction films. Two contemporary science fiction films, which focus on the artificial intelligence in the female body, are analysed: Alex Garland’s Ex Machina (2014) and Spike Jonze’s Her (2013). The analysis of the films showcases the blurred lines between being a human and being a robot: AI in the female body is portrayed as having adequate cognitive abilities and an ability to experience or to realistically imitate various mental states. The AI embodiment found in the films explores different narratives: the anthropomorphic body (Ex Machina) motivates to get to know the world and thus expands one’s experience, while the partial embodiment (Her) “programs” intellectual actions and development beyond the human body. Ex Machina highlights the anti-humanity of the female robot: another (human) life is devalued in order to pursue a goal. On the contrary, Her highlights the hyper-humanity of the operating system: continuous improvements exceed the boundaries of communication with other people.


Author(s):  
Ruipeng LEI

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在不同的文化中,關於如何對待動物是可接受的或者說人與動物的關係問題存在各種不同的觀點。本文主要從中國文化的視角來討論和分析這一倫理問題,梳理儒釋道三種思想體系中所包含的生態倫理思想,分析它們對人與動物關係問題的態度,尤其是對異種移植中使用動物問題的倫理論證的有益啟示。從儒家的視角,以貫穿儒家理論與實踐體系的仁愛思想為主線,揭示出由親而疏、由近及遠地踐行“仁”,是完善和提升人性的必要途徑,也是實現普遍的愛的現實的人類行動方式。儒家強調“愛物”的美德, 但不排斥在得到倫理辯護的基礎上使用動物﹔從佛家的視角,以“不殺生”的戒律和“十界論”的生命觀為基礎, 闡明佛家哲學對動物生命的絕對尊重與保護﹔從道家的視角,以“道法自然”和“ 厚德載物”思想為線索,釐清道家哲學崇尚自然、順乎自然的中心思想,以及對不干預自然秩序的強調。In different cultures there is a spectrnm of opinions regarding what it is acceptable to do to animals, including whether it is morally acceptable or not to use them as a source of organs or tissues for transplants. This essay attempts to discuss these ethical issues in the Chinese cultural context. Chinese culture is primarily the combination of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. There are diverse attitudes towards nature and differing views about the relationship of humans to animals. Confucianism emphasizes the principle of ren (benevolence) and demonstrates that the method of practicing ren is from near to far, from parents/siblings to other relatives, friends, co-workers, neighbors, patients, students etc, from present generation to future generations, from human beings to other animals, plants and eco-system or nature as a whole. On the other hand, Confucianism holds that humanity is most valuable in the world, certainly of a higher order than that of animals. These views would be compatible with the limited use of animals in medical procedures where the benefit to humans is clear, demonstrable and large. Buddhism emphasizes simple, non-violent, gentle living. Its first precept involves abstention from injury to life, and not depriving a living being of life. These views may entail a direct prohibition on the use of animals for medical purpose. Taoism places the harmony between human beings and nature in general in high esteem. It recognizes that human beings are not separate from nature but a small part of the natural world. Human beings should not seek to dominate or interfere with nature, but should instead stand in a relationship of care and concern for its continued flourishing. Accordingly, Daoism might regard any form of xenotransplantation as an unacceptable intervention with nature.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 239 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.


2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82
Author(s):  
Valentina Voce

Questo articolo prende in esame la riformulazione del concetto di persona, proposta dal filosofo Jeff McMahan in The Ethics of Killing, come embodied mind. La proposta teorica di McMahan ha una chiara valenza pratica perché, in accordo con una prospettiva funzionalista, identifica la persona con l’acquisizione delle sue capacità cognitive, tracciando una linea discriminatoria tra esseri umani: alcuni non sarebbero persone e pertanto non potrebbero condividere gli stessi diritti che “noi” persone abbiamo. McMahan sviluppa, sulla base di questa impostazione, una gerarchia etica che rende legittima l’uccisione di tutti quegli esseri umani che, a suo avviso, non si possono considerare persone come ad esempio embrioni, feti e individui in stato vegetativo. Il saggio, che rende conto di alcune interessanti annotazioni critiche svolte dalla filosofa Eva Kittay alla proposta di McMahan, si propone di valutare la consistenza teorica di questa teoria e di porla in riferimento alla questione etica e sociale connessa con la tutela dei diritti delle persone con disabilità cognitiva grave. Sulla base delle considerazioni svolte, si è giunti alla conclusione che le teorie di McMahan, e le conseguenze che ne derivano per l’etica pratica, vadano respinte in quanto la separazione tra la nozione di persona e quella di essere umano non risulta adeguatamente giustificata, essendo fondata su una mistificazione dell’uomo privato della sua fondamentale dimensione corporea. ---------- This article takes into account the redefinition of the concept of personhood as embodied mind, proposed by philosopher Jeff McMahan in his book The Ethics of Killing. McMahan’s theoretical proposal has clear practical implications because, according with a functionalist perspective, he identifies personhood with the acquisition of sophisticated cognitive abilities, drawing a discriminatory line among human beings: some are non-persons and therefore they do not share the same rights we persons have. Based on this approach, McMahan develops an ethical hierarchy that makes legitimate the killing of all human beings who, according to his theories, can not be considered as persons, such as embryos, fetuses, and individuals in a vegetative state. The essay, which considers some interesting critical annotations made by philosopher Eva Kittay to McMahan’s proposal, intends to evaluate the theoretical consistency of his theory and to connect it to the ethical and social matter of recognizing and protecting the rights of people with severe cognitive disability. On the basis of our considerations, we concluded that McMahan’s theories, and their consequences for practical ethics, should be rejected because the disjunction between the notion of personhood and that of human being is not properly demonstrated, being based on a mystification of mankind deprived of its fundamental bodily dimension.


Author(s):  
Derya Guler Aydin ◽  
Itir Ozer-Imer

Based on the historical developments in the philosophy of science, it can be claimed that the method of social sciences is mainly dominated by the method of the natural sciences. Social sciences, especially, economics have been affected by the method of physics. From a critical viewpoint, this study aims to scrutinize the method of social sciences by taking into account the concept of devaluation of human beings. The study puts forward that mainstream economics devalue human being at the level of its methodology by excluding the real creator of value from the analyses and by disregarding social and historical factors. The study demonstrates that by taking into consideration the neglected cultural, political and historical factors in addition to the economic ones, the critical theory includes human being and his/her values in the analyses, and hence, it unifies scientific knowledge with human behavior, which is the intentional behavior behind all economic decisions.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document