Functionalist and Constructionist Perspectives on Emotion Dysregulation

2019 ◽  
pp. xiv-11
Author(s):  
Theodore P. Beauchaine ◽  
Nathaniel Haines
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Common Misconceptions

Two theoretical perspectives—functionalism and constructionism—predominate modern research on emotion. This introductory chapter describes these perspectives and offers points of convergence and divergence. It pays special attention to common misconceptions about functionalism and to strengths and limitations of each perspective. Functionalism, which draws in part from phylogenetic accounts of emotion and motivation, is limited by difficulties drawing inferences about human emotion from animal research, even though animal research is conducted using very precise methods of high spatial and temporal resolution. In contrast, constructionism is limited by difficulties falsifying its core propositions given reliance on research using functional magnetic resonance imaging, which has poor temporal resolution. These limitations notwithstanding, both functionalism and constructionism have much to offer current interpretations of and future research on emotion dysregulation. Thus, pitting the perspectives against one other is counterproductive.

scholarly journals Consumer Neuroscience and its Application in Marketing

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1607-1611
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Consumer Neuroscience ◽  
Basic Ideas

There is a very important difference between “Consumer neuroscience” and “Neuromarketing”. While the first field deals in research on subjects like neuroscience, psychology and marketing; the latter is linked to the functionality of neurophysiological tools, namely eye tracking, skin conductance, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Neuromarketing is interested in carrying out market research which is specific to a particular company. This article covers topics like recent methods in neuroscience used by consumer researchers, basic ideas in consumer neuroscience derived on the basis of initial findings. The article also suggests ideas for future research in the field of consumer neuroscience.

scholarly journals The Neural Mechanisms of Tinnitus: A Perspective From Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghua Hu ◽  
Jinluan Cui ◽  
Jin-Jing Xu ◽  
Xindao Yin ◽  
Yuanqing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Sound Perception

Tinnitus refers to sound perception in the absence of external sound stimulus. It has become a worldwide problem affecting all age groups especially the elderly. Tinnitus often accompanies hearing loss and some mood disorders like depression and anxiety. The comprehensive adverse effects of tinnitus on people determine the severity of tinnitus. Understanding the mechanisms of tinnitus and related discomfort may be beneficial to the prevention and treatment, and then getting patients out of tinnitus distress. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful technique for characterizing the intrinsic brain activity and making us better understand the tinnitus neural mechanism. In this article, we review fMRI studies published in recent years on the neuroimaging mechanisms of tinnitus. The results have revealed various neural network alterations in tinnitus patients, including the auditory system, limbic system, default mode network, attention system, and some other areas involved in memory, emotion, attention, and control. Moreover, changes in functional connectivity and neural activity in these networks are related to the perception, persistence, and severity of tinnitus. In summary, the neural mechanism of tinnitus is a complex regulatory mechanism involving multiple networks. Future research is needed to study these neural networks more accurately to refine the tinnitus models.

Longitudinal fMRI studies: Exploring brain plasticity and repair in MS

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Enzinger ◽  
Daniela Pinter ◽  
Maria A Rocca ◽  
John De Luca ◽  
Jaume Sastre-Garriga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapies ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has greatly advanced our understanding of cerebral functional changes occurring in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, most of our knowledge regarding brain plasticity and repair in MS as evidenced by fMRI has been extrapolated from cross-sectional studies across different phenotypes of the disease. This topical review provides an overview of this research, but also highlights limitations of existing fMRI studies with cross-sectional design. We then review the few existing longitudinal fMRI studies and discuss the feasibility and constraints of serial fMRI in individuals with MS. We further emphasize the potential to track fMRI changes in evolving disease and the insights this may give in terms of mechanisms of adaptation and repair, focusing on serial fMRI to monitor response to disease-modifying therapies or rehabilitation interventions. Finally, we offer recommendations for designing future research studies to overcome previous methodological shortcomings.

scholarly journals An examination of intolerance of uncertainty effects on subjective, psychophysiological, and neural markers during uninstructed and instructed threat acquisition and extinction training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wendt ◽  
Jayne Morriss
Keyword(s):  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Skin Conductance Response ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Tentative Evidence

Individuals who score high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) tend to find uncertainty aversive. Prior research has demonstrated that under uncertainty individuals with high IU display difficulties in updating learned threat associations to safety associations. Importantly, recent research has shown that providing contingency instructions about threat and safety contingencies (i.e. reducing uncertainty) to individuals with high IU promotes the updating of learned threat associations to safety associations. Here we aimed to conceptually replicate IU and contingency instruction-based effects by conducting a secondary analysis of self-reported IU, ratings, skin conductance, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data recorded during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training (n = 48). Self-reported IU was not associated with differential responding to learned threat and safety cues for any measure during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training. There was some tentative evidence that higher IU was associated with greater ratings of unpleasantness and arousal to the safety cue after the experiment and greater skin conductance response to the safety cue during extinction generally. Potential explanations for these null effects and directions for future research are discussed.

Processing Ergativity: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Zawiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Insight Into

So far ergativity has been mostly studied from a language-theoretic perspective and the evidence on how it is processed and represented is rather scarce. In this paper I provide an insight into ergativity from an experimental approach. First, I present an overview of the experimental methods used to investigate ergativity (self-paced reading, event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging) and next I review studies that examined behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlates of ergativity in both native and non-native speakers, as well as those focused on the universality of processing strategies in ergative languages. Finally, I also review and discuss the experimental data from works that dealt with syntactic and semantic aspects of ergativity and discuss the implication of the results for future research.

Sign language and the brain: Apes, apraxia, and aphasia

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-634
Author(s):  
David Corina
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Degree Of Overlap

AbstractThe study of signed languages has inspired scientific' speculation regarding foundations of human language. Relationships between the acquisition of sign language in apes and man are discounted on logical grounds. Evidence from the differential hreakdown of sign language and manual pantomime places limits on the degree of overlap between language and nonlanguage motor systems. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals neural areas of convergence and divergence underlying signed and spoken languages.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes in Emotion Generation

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1322-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Ochsner ◽  
Rebecca R. Ray ◽  
Brent Hughes ◽  
Kateri McRae ◽  
Jeffrey C. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Emotion Generation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Appraisal Processes ◽  
Affective Stimulus

Emotions are generally thought to arise through the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. However, prior work has not delineated their relative contributions. In a sample of 20 females, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of negative emotions generated by the bottom-up perception of aversive images and by the top-down interpretation of neutral images as aversive. We found that (a) both types of responses activated the amygdala, although bottom-up responses did so more strongly; (b) bottom-up responses activated systems for attending to and encoding perceptual and affective stimulus properties, whereas top-down responses activated prefrontal regions that represent high-level cognitive interpretations; and (c) self-reported affect correlated with activity in the amygdala during bottom-up responding and with activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during top-down responding. These findings provide a neural foundation for emotion theories that posit multiple kinds of appraisal processes and help to clarify mechanisms underlying clinically relevant forms of emotion dysregulation.

Neurobiology of Borderline Personality Disorder

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annegret Krause-Utz ◽  
Inga Niedtfeld ◽  
Julia Knauber ◽  
Christian Schmahl
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Dti

In this chapter, neuroimaging findings in BPD are discussed referring to the three core domains of BPD psychopathology: disturbed emotion processing and emotion dysregulation (including dissociation and altered pain processing), behavioral dysregulation and impulsivity, and interpersonal disturbances. Experimental approaches investigating BPD psychopathology on the subjective, behavioral, and neurobiological levels have become increasingly important for an improved understanding of BPD. Over the past decades, neuroimaging has become one of the most important tools in clinical neurobiology. Neuroimaging includes a broad spectrum of methods such as positron emission tomography (PET), structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

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