Vicksburg and Port Hudson

2021 ◽  
pp. 357-375
Author(s):  
Earl J. Hess
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Union Army ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
The West ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
The North

Two sieges of Confederate bastions on the Mississippi River resulted in the Union conquest of the Mississippi Valley in July 1863. The fall of Vicksburg deeply wounded Confederate Mississippi, fractured White support for the Southern cause, and cracked open slavery in the west central part of the state. Tens of thousands of Black refugees fled plantations for the Union Army, many joining newly created Black regiments that would occupy Union posts in the valley. The fall of Vicksburg eliminated the most powerful Confederate blockade to Northern commercial use of the Mississippi River and played a pivotal role in boosting Northern and depressing Southern war morale. Problems associated with Confederate repatriation of thirty thousand paroled soldiers contributed to the breakdown of the prisoner exchange system. The fall of Port Hudson, overshadowed by Vicksburg, nevertheless completed Union conquest of the valley and allowed Northern merchant vessels to steam to New Orleans once again. The emotional benefit of these twin victories was worth the physical effort in reducing both strongholds, emboldening the North and dispiriting the South.

Disaster and Response in an Experiment Called New Orleans, 1700s–2000s

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Campanella
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
American Continent ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban Risk

As an urbanized river-dominated delta, New Orleans, Louisiana, ranks among the most experimental of cities, a test of whether the needs of a stable human settlement can coexist with the fluidity of a deltaic environment—and what happens when they do not. That natural environment bestowed upon New Orleans numerous advantages, among them abundant fresh water, fertile soils, productive wetlands and, above all, expedient passage between maritime and continental realms. But with those advantages came exposure to potential hazards—an overflowing Mississippi River, a tempestuous Gulf of Mexico, sinking soils, eroding coasts, rising seas, biotic invasion, pestilence, political and racial discord, conflagration—made all the worse by the high levels of social vulnerability borne by all too many members of New Orleans’ population. More so than any other major metropolis on the North American continent, this history of disaster and response is about the future of New Orleans as much as it is about the past. This article examines two dozen disasters of various types and scales, with origins oftentimes traceable to anthropogenic manipulation of the natural environment, and assesses the nature of New Orleans’ responses. It frames these assessments in the “risk triangle” framework offered by David Crichton and other researchers, which views urban risk as a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. “Hazard” implies the disastrous event or trauma itself; “exposure” means human proximity to the hazard, usually in the form of settlement patterns, and “vulnerability” indicates individuals’ and communities’ ability to respond resiliently and adaptively—which itself is a function of education, income, age, race, language, social capital, and other factors—after having been exposed to a hazard.

The War Years

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The South ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Cotton Trade

Chapter 2 focuses on the Civil War years. In the early years of the war, a Union blockade brought legal trade to a standstill, and for merchants who relied on trade networks between the North and the South, the blockade was catastrophic. But with soaring demand for cotton around the globe, economic opportunities abounded. Some merchants stockpiled cotton, and some wisely avoided Confederate currency, which would turn out to be worthless after the war. But once Ulysses S. Grant’s troops declared victory after the bloody battle of Vicksburg, which opened the Mississippi River for commerce, the landscape changed, and new opportunities emerged. With New Orleans and the Mississippi River in Union hands, legal cotton trade resumed between the North and South, and merchants flocked to the interior towns that facilitated this commerce. They also established or reestablished trade networks that closely resembled those that had emerged in the antebellum years. While the resumption of trade was slowed by a plethora of factors, by the end of the Civil War, firms that had saved capital, reestablished North-South networks, or both, were on sound footing, prepared to face head on the vicissitudes of the postbellum economy.

The Education of an Americanist

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
New Deal ◽  
Mark Twain ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
The West ◽  
Uncle Tom's Cabin ◽  
The North ◽  
Edgar Allen Poe ◽  
The New Deal

The America of my infancy was, perhaps to a great degree than would now apply, the America of classic juvenile fiction – the West of R. M. Ballantyne and Fenimore Cooper, the South of Uncle Remus and Uncle Tom's Cabin and, a little later, the Gothic of Edgar Allen Poe and the Mississippi Valley of Mark Twain — a country that had about as close a relationship to one's direct experience as the Spanish Main or the African jungle or the Scotland of Bonnie Prince Charlie. The real America of Coolidge and Hoover offered little to attract and hold attention – apart from gangsters and G-Men (about which I recall writing and acting in a school play Dull Days in Chicago). As appetites grew a little more discriminating the realism of Sinclair Lewis and the satire of John P. Marquand took over from the Hollywood America of thrills and comedy. Even so, America was, in every sense, a far-away country, full of portent and significance of course, but not exciting and relevant, still less attractive.The coming of Roosevelt and the New Deal should have changed all that, of course. Honesty obliges me to admit that for a third year undergraduate at Oxford, absorbed in Greats, the American re-birth was infinitely less real and challenging than the Nazi eruption in Europe. There is a memory of a dapper, bouncy little figure lecturing to avid audiences in the North School in 1934. But to me Felix Frankfurter, then the visiting George Eastman Professor, was just another American whose lectures on the New Deal and the Constitution held one up en route to Henry Price's expositions of the Theory of Knowledge.

Bienville

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-26
Author(s):  
Jason Berry
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Mississippi Valley

Sent by the French crown, commandant general Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, established La Nouvelle-Orlans on the banks of the Mississippi river in 1718, negotiating with the native Chitimacha and facing epidemics, tribal wars, and foot shortages. Born in 1680 in Montreal, Bienville became a French naval cadet and joined his brother Pierre’s crew, Sieur d’Iberville, at 16. With Iberville, Bienville travelled the Mississippi Valley, trading with and learning from the Native Americans. Events of note include Bienville’s conflict with governor La Mothe Cadillac and Bienville’s negotiations with the Natchez royalty that ended with breaking ground at New Orleans. Due to conflicts with French officials, Bienville was recalled to Paris in 1723, and Company of the Indies took over New Orleans governance. Tensions arose between the settlers and Natchez, worsened by the actions of Étienne de Chépart, who was eventually killed in a Natchez attack. The new governor, Étienne Boucher de Périer, violently retaliated against the Native Americans, and Company of the Indies officials responded to its catastrophic losses by washing their hands of Louisiana. In 1732, the king sent Bienville back as governor.

scholarly journals SEDIMENTATION AT THE MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chas. G. Holle
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Economical Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Department Of The Army ◽  
Valley River

Sedimentation it the mouth of the Mississippi River is a phenomenon that has been under study by the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, during the past 120 years. The primary objective in these investigations has been the determination of the most economical method of maintaining required navigation depths through the Mississippi River Passes for oceangoing vessels that serve the Ports of New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and indirectly the vast Mississippi Valley river traffic.

Deglacial Flood Origin of the Charleston Alluvial Fan, Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

1994 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna A. Porter ◽  
Margaret J. Guccione
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi River ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Lower Mississippi Valley ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
Sand Body ◽  
Braided Stream

AbstractLarge-magnitude flooding of the Mississippi River from proglacial lakes Agassiz and Superior most likely occurred between 11,300 and 10,900 and 9900 and 9500 yr B.P. The Charleston alluvial fan, a depositional remnant of one of these floods, is located at the head of a wide alluvial plain near Charleston, Missouri. The fan is an elongate, convex-up sand body (16 × 24 km) composed of medium- and fine-grained sand at least 8 m thick. This sand contrasts with the older coarse-grained sand of the braided stream surface to the west and south and younger silty clay of the meandering stream level to the north and east. A weakly developed soil separates the underlying braided steam deposits from the alluvial fan. A bulk-soil radiocarbon date of 10,590 ± 200 yr B.P. from the contact between the fan and clays of the meandering stream system indicates that the Charleston fan was deposited near the end of the early interval of flooding from Lake Agassiz about 10,900 yr B.P. If the Charleston fan is the last remnant of deglacial flooding in the lower Mississippi Valley, then deposition of significant quantities of sediment from largemagnitude floods between 10,000 and 9500 yr B.P. did not extend into the lower Mississippi Valley through Thebes Gap.

scholarly journals Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4247 (5) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARTER R. GILBERT ◽  
RICHARD L. MAYDEN ◽  
STEVEN L. POWERS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
Taxonomic Descriptions ◽  
Variable Species

For many years the North American cyprinid fish Macrhybopsis aestivalis (common name: Speckled Chub) was regarded as a single widespread and morphologically variable species, occurring in rivers throughout much of the Mississippi Valley and geographically adjacent eastern Gulf slope drainages, west to the Rio Grande basin in Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. Eisenhour (1997) completed a morphological study of western populations of the Speckled Chub, the results of which appeared thereafter in published form (Eisenhour 1999, 2004). He demonstrated the existence of five valid species west of the Mississippi River (aestivalis, marconis, australis, tetranema, hyostoma), of which the name aestivalis was shown to be restricted to the population occurring in the Rio Grande and the geographically adjacent Rio San Fernando system, in northeastern Mexico. Eisenhour (2004) considered populations throughout the middle Mississippi Valley and its major tributaries to be a single morphologically variable species (hyostoma), and he also indicated that populations of Macrhybopsis from eastern Gulf slope drainages may represent a complex of species. Genetic confirmation of Eisenhour’s conclusions regarding western species appeared in the publication by Underwood et al. (2003), who also showed that western populations of M. hyostoma, as presently recognized, are genetically much more complex than previously considered.     Meanwhile, the present authors were involved in a companion study of eastern populations of Macrhybopsis, for which a genetic summary of the eastern Gulf coast species was published by Mayden & Powers (2004). Based on their findings, four species were recognized from southeastern drainages (identified as species A–D), although no formal taxonomic descriptions were included. Their genetic data, in combination with meristic, morphometric and other morphological data presented herein, form the basis for a revised classification of eastern Macrhybopsis populations, including formal descriptions of the four new species from eastern Gulf coast drainages. 

Mafias on the Move

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Varese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
At Will

Organized crime is spreading like a global virus as mobs take advantage of open borders to establish local franchises at will. That at least is the fear, inspired by stories of Russian mobsters in New York, Chinese triads in London, and Italian mafias throughout the West. As this book explains, the truth is more complicated. The author has spent years researching mafia groups in Italy, Russia, the United States, and China, and argues that mafiosi often find themselves abroad against their will, rather than through a strategic plan to colonize new territories. Once there, they do not always succeed in establishing themselves. The book spells out the conditions that lead to their long-term success, namely sudden market expansion that is neither exploited by local rivals nor blocked by authorities. Ultimately the inability of the state to govern economic transformations gives mafias their opportunity. In a series of matched comparisons, the book charts the attempts of the Calabrese 'Ndrangheta to move to the north of Italy, and shows how the Sicilian mafia expanded to early twentieth-century New York, but failed around the same time to find a niche in Argentina. The book explains why the Russian mafia failed to penetrate Rome but succeeded in Hungary. A pioneering chapter on China examines the challenges that triads from Taiwan and Hong Kong find in branching out to the mainland. This book is both a compelling read and a sober assessment of the risks posed by globalization and immigration for the spread of mafias.

Rola Avarského Kaganátu Pri Vzniku Slovenčiny

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-236
Author(s):  
Martin Braxatoris ◽  
Michal Ondrejčík
Keyword(s):  
Slavic Language ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
North Edge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Slovak Language

Abstract The paper proposes a basis of theory with the aim of clarifying the casual nature of the relationship between the West Slavic and non-West Slavic Proto-Slavic base of the Slovak language. The paper links the absolute chronology of the Proto-Slavic language changes to historical and archaeological information about Slavs and Avars. The theory connects the ancient West Slavic core of the Proto-Slavic base of the Slovak language with Sclaveni, and non-West Slavic core with Antes, which are connected to the later population in the middle Danube region. It presumes emergence and further expansion of the Slavic koiné, originally based on the non-West Slavic dialects, with subsequent influence on language of the western Slavic tribes settled in the north edge of the Avar Khaganate. The paper also contains a periodization of particular language changes related to the situation in the Khaganate of that time.

The population of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) in Tulcea county (Romania)

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Sorin Geacu
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
The West ◽  
Spreading Area ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Expansion ◽  
North Western

The population of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) in Tulcea county (Romania) The presence of the Red Deer in the North-western parts of Tulcea County is an example of the natural expansion of a species spreading area. In North Dobrogea, this mammal first occurred only forty years ago. The first specimens were spotted on Cocoşul Hill (on the territory of Niculiţel area) in 1970. Peak numbers (68 individuals) were registered in the spring of 1987. The deer population (67 specimens in 2007) of this county extended along 10 km from West to East and 20 km from North to South over a total of 23,000 ha (55% of which was forest land) in the East of the Măcin Mountains and in the West of the Niculiţel Plateau.

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