Research Methods in Clinical Psychology

2010 ◽  
pp. 51-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Kendall ◽  
Jonathan S. Comer
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Scientific Rigor ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Treatment Manuals

This chapter describes methodological and design considerations central to the scientific evaluation of treatment efficacy and effectiveness. Matters of design, procedure, measurement, data analysis, and reporting are examined and discussed. The authors consider key concepts of controlled comparisons, random assignment, the use of treatment manuals, integrity and adherence checks, sample and setting selection, treatment transportability, handling missing data, assessing clinical significance, identifying mechanisms of change, and consolidated standards for communicating study findings to the scientific community. Examples from the treatment outcome literature are offered, and guidelines are suggested for conducting treatment evaluations that maximize both scientific rigor and clinical relevance.

Research Methods in Clinical Psychology

2014 ◽  
pp. 43-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Kendall ◽  
Jonathan S. Comer
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Scientific Rigor ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Treatment Manuals

This chapter describes methodological and design considerations central to the scientific evaluation of treatment efficacy and effectiveness. Matters of design, procedure, measurement, data analysis, and reporting are examined and discussed. The authors consider key concepts of controlled comparisons, random assignment, the use of treatment manuals, integrity and adherence checks, sample and setting selection, treatment transportability, handling missing data, assessing clinical significance, identifying mechanisms of change, and consolidated standards for communicating study findings to the scientific community. Examples from the treatment outcome literature are offered, and guidelines are suggested for conducting treatment evaluations that maximize both scientific rigor and clinical relevance.

PTSD Treatment Research: An Overview and Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula P. Schnurr ◽  
Jessica L. Hamblen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Ptsd Treatment ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Treatment Research

This chapter provides an overview of key concepts in designing and evaluating clinical trials, with a focus on randomized controlled trials for PTSD. The first section discusses design elements and how they influence the conclusions that can be drawn from a study. Examples from the trauma literature are provided when available to illustrate concepts. The second section explores newer developments in PTSD treatment trials. Specifically, it discusses treatment and design considerations related to common comorbid conditions of PTSD, adapting treatments for low-resource environments and optimizing treatment outcome. The chapter’s goal is to improve the ability of both clinicians and researchers to critically review PTSD clinical trials.

DESIGN OF TWO-LEVEL PIPELINED SYSTOLIC ARRAY AND ITS APPLICATION TO IMAGE

1992 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 247-263
Author(s):  
CHEIN-WEI JEN ◽  
CHI-MIN LIU
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Systolic Array ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Digital Tv ◽  
Clock Period ◽  
Image Construction ◽  
Transformation Matrices ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Computational Speed

Two-level pipelined systolic array can attain parallelism down to lower levels and provide much higher throughput and computational speed than conventional ones. This paper presents a design procedure starting from an algorithm representation, called Dependence Graph (DG). Arrays with different performances can be obtained by applying the various linear transformation matrices on DG. Image resampling is a process for image construction and display. It has important applications in image processing or in digital TV. In this paper, two design considerations are applied to build high-performance VLSI image resampler. First, two-level pipelined systolic array is designed to maximize parallelism and also make VLSI implementation highly feasible. Second, a modified two-pass resampling scheme is devised to reduce the amount of required storage and increase the concurrency between two passes of resampling. This image resampler can get a throughput of one pixel per clock period being smaller than the latency of an adder. The requirement for storage is only several line buffers.

The Application of AI Teachers in Facilitating Game-Based Literacy Learning

2022 ◽  
pp. 381-395
Author(s):  
Yixun Li ◽  
Lin Zou
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Literacy Learning ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Classroom Teaching ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Human Teachers

This chapter discusses the theoretical frameworks for artificial intelligence (AI) teachers and how AI teachers have been applied to facilitate game-based literacy learning in existing empirical studies. While the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in education is a relatively emerging research area, it has received increasing attention in the scientific community. In the future, AI teachers are likely to be able to serve as powerful supplementary tools in classroom teaching in support of human teachers. The main goal here is to provide the readers with new insights on promoting game-based literacy learning from the perspectives of AI teachers. To this end, the authors introduce the readers to the key concepts of AI teachers, the merits and demerits of AI teachers in education, scientific research on AI teachers in literacy learning, and some highlighted examples of AI teachers in literacy classrooms for practical concerns.

scholarly journals Scientific evaluation of negative exome sequencing followed by systematic scoring of candidate genes to decipher the genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Büttner ◽  
Sonja Martin ◽  
Anja Finck ◽  
Maria Arelin ◽  
Carolin Baade-Büttner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exome Sequencing ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Research Setting ◽  
Routine Diagnostics ◽  
Personalized Care ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Important Milestone

AbstractBackgroundDeciphering the monogenetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) is an important milestone to offer personalized care. But the plausibility of reported candidate genes in exome studies often remains unclear, which slows down progress in the field.MethodsWe performed exome sequencing (ES) in 198 cases of NDD. Cases that remained unresolved (n=135) were re-investigated in a research setting. We established a candidate scoring system (CaSc) based on 12 different parameters reflecting variant and gene attributes as well as current literature to rank and prioritize candidate genes.ResultsIn this cohort, we identified 158 candidate variants in 148 genes with CaSc ranging from 2 to 11.7. Only considering the top 15% of candidates, 14 genes were already published or funneled into promising validation studies.ConclusionsWe promote that in an approach of case by case re-evaluation of primarily negative ES, systematic and standardized scoring of candidate genes can and should be applied. This simple framework enables better comparison, prioritization, and communication of candidate genes within the scientific community. This would represent an enormous benefit if applied to the tens of thousands of negative ES performed in routine diagnostics worldwide and speed up deciphering the monogenetic causes of NDD.

Seismic design considerations for gravity retaining structures

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Emery ◽  
C. D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Seismic Loads ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retaining Structures ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Earth Pressures ◽  
Coefficient Method

Major earthquakes have been observed to damage marginal wharf gravity retaining structures or walls throughout the world, and earthquakes of similar magnitude occur quite often in Canada. These earthquakes generally take place in the British Columbia coastal areas, the St. Lawrence Valley, Baffin Island, and the Yukon Territory. Elsewhere, normally designed marginal retaining structures should have adequate factors of safety to withstand anticipated seismic loads. However, in earthquake-prone areas it is recommended that most marginal retaining structures be designed using the seismic coefficient method. While not all aspects of the suggested seismic design procedure are developed, detail is provided on seismic exposure at the site, earth pressures due to earthquake conditions, and recommended factors of safety for short-term conditions. Design aspects of a more specific geotechnical nature (soils investigation, liquefaction, remedial measures, tsunamis, and backfill specifications) are indicated.

Design Considerations for Shipboard Vibration

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-57
Author(s):  
E. F. Noonan
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Naval Ship ◽  
Measurement And Evaluation ◽  
Development Center ◽  
Early Phases ◽  
The U.S

Shipboard vibration continues to present serious problems to both the shipbuilder and operator. The principal reasons for this deficiency is the lack of a design procedure, useful in the early phases of design, and the absence of a suitable criterion for hull vibration. This paper describes a detailed study carried out for the U.S. Coast Guard for a "new design polar icebreaker" and a procedure for further simplification of this approach presently under development at the Naval Ship Research and Development Center (NSRDC). Procedures for the measurement and evaluation of shipboard vibration are briefly discussed together with possible approaches to the development of suitable shipboard vibration criteria.

Design and Performance of a High-Pressure Ratio Turbocharger Compressor Part 1: Design Considerations

1993 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Whitfield ◽  
M D C Doyle ◽  
M R Firth
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Design Requirement ◽  
High Pressure Ratio ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Compressor Design ◽  
Turbo Charger ◽  
And Performance

The compressor design requirement was for a pressure ratio of 3.6, with a peak pressure ratio of 4.3 at the maximum non-dimensional speed of the impeller of 1.66. Due to the stress-limited speed, an aluminium alloy impeller was specified, the impeller discharge blade backsweep had to be restricted and the application of prewhirl was considered from the outset as a means of extending the operating range. A non-dimensional conceptual design procedure, including the effect of inlet prewhirl, was applied to the design of three turbo- charger impellers. An impeller, designated A, was designed with the inclusion of 25° of prewhirl. A second impeller, designated B, was designed with zero prewhirl for comparison purposes, but was not manufactured. A third impeller, C, was manufactured through the modification of an existing design and the design study was applied to the assessment of this third design.

PTSD Treatment Research: An Overview and Evaluation

2012 ◽  
pp. 414-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Hamblen ◽  
Erin R. Barnett ◽  
Barbara A. Hermann ◽  
Paula P. Schnurr
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Ptsd Treatment ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Treatment Research

This chapter provides an overview of key concepts in designing and evaluating clinical trials. Our focus is on randomized controlled trials for PTSD. In the first section we discuss design elements and how they influence the conclusions that can be drawn from a study. Examples from the trauma literature are provided when available to illustrate concepts. In the second section we explore newer developments in PTSD treatment trials. Specifically, we discuss treatment and design considerations related to common comorbid conditions of PTSD, cultural issues in PTSD, and optimizing the delivery of treatments. Our goal is to improve both clinicians and researchers ability to critically review PTSD clinical trials.

scholarly journals Geometric Design and Prototyping of a (2-RRU)-URR Parallel Mechanism for Thumb Rehabilitation Therapy

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Woo-hyeok Choi ◽  
Yukio Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Mechanism ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Rehabilitation Therapy ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Practical Performance ◽  
Trajectory Measurement ◽  
User Experiment

In this paper, the geometrical design of a (2-RRU)-URR (where R and U stand for the revolute and universal joints, respectively) parallel mechanism was demonstrated for thumb rehabilitation therapy. This paper consists of two parts: the design procedure for the development of a thumb rehabilitation device and the user experiment with the prototype. Because the hand generally has a limited working area, the design of the hand attachment parts and the placement of the actuators requires careful consideration of the various factors. Along with the kinematic requirements of the device, the interaction between the mechanism and the fingers must be considered. The proposed mechanism has three actuators placed in the hand attachment. When the mechanism is attached to the hand, there is the possibility of collisions between the fingers of the user and the mechanism. Two design candidates were devised while considering the limited working area of the hand and the need to avoid collisions. Due to the dependency of the workspace on the placement of the actuators, a comparison of the workspace of the two candidate designs and the target workspace was carried out. The target workspace was determined through the use of thumb trajectory measurement data. A prototype was manufactured using 3D printed plastic and aluminum materials. To confirm the practical performance of the prototype, user experiments were conducted in which a comparison between the thumb measurement data and the controlled trajectory of each person was done. Motion in two directions, specifically, adduction–abduction and flexion–extension were performed. The results showed that the controlled trajectory of flexion–extension were closely matched to the thumb measurement trajectory. Finally, the experimental results are discussed.

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