Jurisdiction, Political Authority, and Territory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Müßig
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Canonical Process ◽  
European Court ◽  
Legal Discourses ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The Church

The rise of royal power coincided with the emergence of supreme courts throughout Europe from the thirteenth century onwards. The differentiation of legal business and the institutionalization of a judicial section concerned the interface of jurisdiction, political authority, and territory. The commitment to streamline the administration of justice and to provide access to courts was the major catalyst for pre-state unification, and legal theorists advocated limits on the extent of a legal purview. These limits resolved themselves into ordinary competences and jurisdictions or, in other words, what constitutes a court as a court of law. The attempts to resolve these issues had a common forebear in the canon law of the Church, exemplified by the legal discourses of the Roman-canonical process, the so-called ordines iudiciarii. However, European court systems developed along divergent paths concerning jurisdiction, political authority, and territory, as each sought to balance sovereignty and the legal order.

scholarly journals The Scope of the Power of Governance in the Canonical Legal Order (Canon 130 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3 ENGLISH ONLINE VERSION) ◽  
pp. 173-183
Author(s):  
Ginter Dzierżon
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Code Of Canon Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
External Domain ◽  
Public Character ◽  
The Church ◽  
Rule Out

In the presented study, the author carried out a detailed analysis of canon 130 CIC/83, demonstrating that the amendment of the canon dispelled some interpretative concerns that commentators had with regard to canon 196 CIC/17. The author believes it would be preposterous to reduce the forum of power of governance solely to the external domain. This is because the nature of the Church is not manifested only in this dimension. After all, the Church has both visible and invisible nature. Most acts of governance are placed externally because they serve the public good. Yet some of them are actions carried out in the internal forum, and it cannot be limited to the sphere of conscience because it has a wider scope. It is obvious that, as a rule, decisions taken for the internal forum due to their secrecy and lack of public character have consequences only in that forum. By introducing a clause which goes “except insofar as the law establishes it in determined cases,” the legislator does not rule out a different solution whereby internal forum acts also take effect in the external forum. The assumption of such an eventuality is intended to prevent conflicts between these areas.

The English Law of Sanctuary

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Royal Courts ◽  
The Common ◽  
English Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Church

Although the protection of churches and holy places was embodied froman early date in Canon law, the law of sanctuary as it applied in England was necessarily part of the secular common law. The Church never had the physical power to resist the secular authorities in the administration of justice, and although those who violated sanctuary were liable to excommunication the Church could not in cases of conflict prevent the removal from sanctuary of someone to whom the privilege was not allowed by the law of the land. The control of the common law judges was, indeed, tighter than in the case of benefit of clergy. The question whether an accused person was or was not a clerk in Holy Orders was ultimately a question for the ordinary, however much pressure might be put upon him by the judges; but the question of sanctuary or no sanctuary was always a question for the royal courts to decide, upon the application of a person who claimed to have been wrongly arrested in a privileged place. The present summary is confined to the position under English law.

Delicts against the sanctity of the Eucharist and the simulation of the liturgical action

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
László Bakó
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Code Of Canon Law ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Penal Sanctions ◽  
The Church ◽  
Current Code

The present article addresses two groups of delicts from the sixth book of the current Code of Canon Law (Sanctions in the Church), i.e. Delicts against the sanctity of the Eucharist and the simulation of the liturgical action. The content of this book is debated among theologians and canonists, raising a variety of questions: Does the Church have the right to coerce the faithful with penal sanctions? Should penal law exist in the Church, or do certain organizing measures suffice? Based on the first canon of the sixth book (can. 1311), this article shows that using sanctions is a native right of the Church. Since sacraments, in particular the Eucharist, belong to the essence of the Church, the delicts against the sanctity of the Most Holy Sacrament and the simulation of the Sacraments have a great impact on the life of the Church. Therefore, although there are many open questions and several ambiguities around this issue, the present article argues that the Church needs an adequate legal order in the case of sacraments.

Marriage and Divorce in Israel

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac S. Shiloh
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Past History ◽  
Marriage And Divorce ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Rules Of Procedure ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Single Set

The Israel Law of Marriage and Divorce is unique in many aspects. In European and European-based systems of law, the rivalry between Church and State ending in the triumph of the State over the Church is a matter of past history. Ecclesiastical courts were long ago deprived of jurisdiction in matters of marriage and divorce. Canon law, nevertheless, continues to this day to be the source of the law of the land in this field in all jurisdictions of both Roman civil and common law, even after the pollution and dilution in varying degrees of such source by the secular powers. Principles rooted in canon law were incorporated wholesale in the secular law of the land, and thus made to apply to the entire population irrespective of individual religious affiliation. The continuous activity of a single system of lay courts dealing with matrimonial issues in the course of its general preoccupation with the administration of justice, utilizing a single set of laws of evidence and rules of procedure, gradually welded the principles taken over from the canon law and die law emanating from other sources into one homogeneous body.Israel alone, among all Western systems of law, retains the law relating to the creation, incidences and termination of the matrimonial status in its almost unadulterated form of religious precepts, and maintains a ramified system of religious tribunals for the administration thereof. This enables nearly all to achieve either marital bliss or, if necessary, the happiness resulting from the dissolution of a miserable marriage in the manner sanctioned by the authorities of their own religious denomination.

scholarly journals KIRCHLICHE AUTONOMIE ALS MENSCHENRECHTSSCHRANKE

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (40) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Matheus Pelegrino da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grey Area ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Right ◽  
Catholic Churches ◽  
The Church

In diesem Aufsatz sind die dargestellten Gründe der Entscheidungen des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte in den Fällen Schüth und Obst angesichts der Frage über die Grenze der kirchlichen Autonomie als Menschenrechtsschranke (insbesondere bezüglich des Anspruchs auf Achtung des Privat- und Familienlebens) analysiert. Obwohl beide Fälle behandeln die Kündigung von Arbeitnehmern der Mormonenkirche beziehungsweise der katholischen Kirche wegen eines Loyalitätsverstoßes bei Ehebruch, erfolgte eine Entscheidung zugunsten des Kircheninteresses und die andere zugunsten des Arbeitnehmers. Zuerst sind die Hauptaspekte der Fälle Obst und Schüth dargestellt und danach sind die relevanten Rechtsquellen über das Thema präsentiert. In einem dritten Schritt sind die Kriterien und die Begründungen der Entscheidungen untersucht und dann sind die Wirkungen der Entscheidungen im deutschen Recht hingewiesen. Letztlich sind die Parameter bei der Festsetzung des Spielraums der kirchlichen Autonomie angesichts der Achtung des Art. 8 EMRK in den Entscheidungen identifiziert und die Existenz einer unpräzisen Zone bezüglich dieses Spielraums ist kritisiert.   ABSTRACT This article analyses the reasons that based the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the cases Schüth and Obst regarding the question about the limits of the church autonomy as a limit to human rights (especially regarding the right of respect for private and family life). Even though both cases dealt with the termination of employers from the Mormon and the Catholic churches due to breach of loyalty because of adultery, one decision was in favor of the interests of the church, while the other was in favor of the employee. Initially the main aspects in the cases Obst and Schüth are presented and after that the relevant legal sources are presented. In a third part the criteria and justifications of the decisions are studied and then the consequences of these decisions in the German legal order are indicated. Finally, the parameters by the establishment of the church autonomy’s scope in light of the observation of art. 8 ECHR are identified and the existence of a grey area regarding this scope are criticized.

KOŚCIÓŁ KATOLICKI WOBEC ZAGADNIENIA MAŁŻEŃSTW MIESZANYCH RELIGIJNIE W KONTEKŚCIE MIGRACJI

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Piotr Wojnicz
Keyword(s):  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
International Level ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

The increase in migration at the international level also increases the number of religiouslymixed marriages. The Catholic Church advises against entering into such marriages because thisissue refers to the laws of God and the question of preserving faith. The Catholic Church approvesof mixed marriages in terms of nationality or race because belonging to the Church is primarilydetermined by faith in Jesus Christ and baptism in the name of the Holy Trinity. Independentlyof canon law, progressive social secularization is noticeable on that subject matter.

ПроблемырелигиозногообращениявюридическомтворчествеАльфонсоХ

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-85
Author(s):  
L.V. Chernina
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Marital Relations ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Siete Partidas ◽  
The Church ◽  
Christian Society

Статья посвящена разновидностям религиозного обращения в Кастилии в 13м веке, главным образом в том виде, в каком они появляются в легальных источниках эры Альфонсина. Заметное еврейское меньшинство существовало в средневековых христианских штатах Пиренейского полуострова наряду с более крупным мусульманским. Церковь и какимто образом государство поощряло членов этих групп принять христианство. Это было главной целью различных мер, некоторые из которых нашли свое отражение в Fuero Real , Especulo и Siete Partidas : защита собственности новообращенных, регулирование брачных отношений в связи с изменением веры, установление наказаний для тех, кто мешает человеку перейти в христианское общество. Особое внимание уделяется отступничеству отказу от христианства для иудаизма или ислама, а также методам противодействия ему, предложенным юристами Альфонсо. Широко распространено мнение, что законы, которые регулировали религиозное обращение в светской правовой теории 13го века, в основном копируют существующий канонический закон. Однако анализ показывает, что на процесс составления законов влияли как церковная традиция, так и непосредственные военные и политические интересы Кастилии.The article is dedicated to the varieties of religious conversion in Castile in the 13th century, mainly as they appear in the legal sources of Alfonsine era. A noticeable Jewish minority existed in medieval Christian states of the Iberian Peninsula alongside with a larger Muslim one. The Church and in some way the State encouraged the members of these groups to adopt Christianity. This was the main purpose of different measures some of which found their reflection in Fuero Real , Especulo and Siete Partidas : protection of the converts property, the regulation of marital relations in connection with the change of faith, establishment of punishments for those who prevent an individual from the conversion to Christian society. Special attention is paid to the apostasy a rejection of Christianity for Judaism or Islam, and to the methods to impede it, suggested by Alfonsos jurists. It is widely agreed that the laws which regulated the religious conversion in the secular legal theory of the 13th century mostly copy the existed canon law. However the analysis demonstrates that the process of composition of laws was influenced both by the ecclesiastic tradition and the immediate military and political interests of Castile.

Rola uzasadnienia sądowego w realizacji prawa do rzetelnego procesu sądowoadministracyjnego– standard strasburski

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Grzelak-Bach
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
European Court ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
Basic Level

Following a brief introduction of article 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the author begins by analyzing case law from the European Court of Human Rights regarding the legal reasoning in judicial proceedings. The main premise of this paper is to present a formula for preparing legal reasoning in administrative court proceedings. The author draws attention to the role of judges who, in the process of adjudication, should apply creative interpretation of the rules of law, when they see errors or omissions in legislative provisions, or blatant violations of the European legal order. The conclusion of those deliberations finds, that the process of tailoring the approach to meet Strasbourg’s requirements should, on a basic level, be at the discretion of judges rather than the legislators.

Constitutional Pluralism and Transnational Justice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Stone Sweet ◽  
Clare Ryan
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
National Courts ◽  
European Court ◽  
Transnational Justice ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Constitutional Pluralism ◽  
Combined Impact ◽  
Proportionality Principle

In Europe, a cosmopolitan legal order was instantiated through the combined impact of Protocol no. 11 of the ECHR (1998), and the incorporation of the Convention into national legal systems. As a result, two processes—(i) the evolution of constitutional pluralism at the national level; and (ii) the development of rights protection at the transnational level—became causally connected to one another. The first undermined traditional models of domestic orders wherein the notions of constitutional unity and centralized sovereignty reinforced one another. The second process created a multi-level legal system whose effectiveness depends on the extent to which the European Court is able to induce and sustain the cooperation of national courts and officials. The constitutionalization of the proportionality principle, at both the domestic and transnational levels, provided a doctrinal interface for inter-jurisdictional dialogue, and the collective enforcement of the UPR.

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