Managing Trade through Productive Integration

2020 ◽  
pp. 236-265
Author(s):  
Richard Kozul-Wright ◽  
Piergiuseppe Fortunato
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Export Strategy ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Trade And Investment

This chapter reviews the debates around trade and industrial policy and discusses how the composition of trade and investment flows, as well as the spread and form of participation in GVCs, affects structural transformation. It focuses on three characteristics that have been identified in the literature as critical to assessing the export structure of an economy and its potential to accelerate industrialization: the diversification of production, the level of sophistication of the exported products and upgrading of productive capacities/capabilities required to sustain the production and export of increasingly sophisticated goods, and the establishment of linkages within and across sectors. The chapter also discusses the critical components of a national export strategy which could support the insertion of national firms in international markets, adopt a strategic approach to attracting FDI and enable constant upgrading along global (and regional) value chains. Because, success comes not simply from shifting resources from primary activities to labour-intensive manufactures but also anticipating future challenges in these industries (as costs rise and new competitors emerge) and nurturing new linkages and more sophisticated products. An effective national export strategy depends on active industrial policies, targeted support for upgrading, and regional economic arrangements.

A Strategic Approach to Industrial Hubs

2020 ◽  
pp. 875-913
Author(s):  
Arkebe Oqubay ◽  
Deborah M. Kefale
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Learning ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Learning As A Process

The experience of industrial hubs in Africa is characterized by unevenness and mixed outcomes. Most African countries did not start developing hubs until the late 1990s and 2000s, and most have been unsuccessful in driving sustained industrialization and structural transformation. Although relatively new to industrial hubs policies, Ethiopia has embraced active industrial policies in pursuit of its developmental goals, and this chapter examines its nascent experience and experiments on industrial hubs, linking with experiences elsewhere, and extracting lessons for policymakers and practitioners from both successes and failures. This chapter complements the other chapters on empirical evidence from Africa and illustrates the complex process faced by late latecomers of the twenty-first century. It underlines the centrality of the strategic approach to industrial hubs and its connection with the industrial policy framework. The focus is on policy learning as a process rather than on success as an outcome of what remains a work in progress.

Industrial Policy and Local Economic Transformation: Evidence From the U.S. Rust Belt

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124242110228
Author(s):  
Ben Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
State Level ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Rust Belt ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
State And Local

State and local governments frequently invest in policies aimed at stimulating the growth of new industries, but studies of industrial policy and related economic development initiatives cast doubt on their effectiveness. This article examines the role of state-level industrial policies in contributing to the different economic trajectories of two U.S. metro areas—Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Cleveland, Ohio—as they adapted to the decline of their legacy industries. Comparative case studies show that industrial policies in Pittsburgh, which empowered research universities as local economic leaders, contributed to the transformation of the local economy. In Cleveland, by contrast, state industrial policies invested in making incremental improvements, particularly in legacy sectors. The article concludes that by empowering new local economic actors—such as universities—industrial policies can foment political change that enables structural economic change to follow.

scholarly journals What Is the Environmental Impact of Wine Entering Global Value Chains? Studying the Evolution of CO2 Emissions from the Export of Spanish Denomination of Origin Wines

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1664
Author(s):  
Juan Sebastián Castillo-Valero ◽  
Inmaculada Carrasco ◽  
Marcos Carchano ◽  
Carmen Córcoles
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Wine Trade

The continuous growth of the international wine trade and the expansion of international markets is having significant commercial, but also environmental, impacts. The benefits of vineyards in terms of ecosystem service provision are offset by the increase in CO2 emissions generated by transportation. Denominations of Origin, as quality labels, emphasise a wine’s links to the terroir, where specific elements of culture and environment merge together. However, Denominations of Origin can also have differentiating elements as regards environmental performance. Drawing on an extended multiregional input–output model applied to the Spanish Denominations of Origin with the largest presence in the international wine trade, this study shows that wines with the greatest exporting tradition are those that most reduced their carbon footprint per litre of exported wine in the period 2005–2018, thus being the most environmentally efficient.

scholarly journals The Italian Wine Sector: Evolution, Structure, Competitiveness and Future Challenges of an Enduring Leader

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Pomarici ◽  
Alessandro Corsi ◽  
Simonetta Mazzarino ◽  
Roberta Sardone
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Italian Wine ◽  
Diamond Model ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Wine Sector ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Average Size

AbstractThe Italian wine supply chain has performed well in recent decades both in terms of profitability and success on the domestic and international markets. This is despite the fact that it is fragmented in terms of products, prices and consumption context, and, in particular, despite the fact that it is characterised by an organisation that hinders the full exploitation of economies of scale. This paradox has not been investigated in literature. We propose several elements in support of the hypothesis that the Italian wine sector’s success is linked to favourable elements of the Porter Diamond Model (5 out of 6) but also to the “district” nature of a large part of the sector. The presence of numerous networks, some of which are formal and others informal, gives most Italian local production systems specialising in grapes and wine the characteristics of industrial districts, due to the local social capital that is stratified there. These networks include operators such as Cooperatives and Consorzi di Tutela, upstream and downstream industries and services, tourism, research and educational bodies. Such networks can overcome the weakness represented by the low concentration and small average size of the operators. To support this hypothesis, we analyse the historical evolution of the sector and its drivers, the structural features of the different phases of the wine chain (grape growing, winemaking, bottling and distribution), the market relationships within the chain and the national and European policies favouring the sector. This analysis also underlines the differences between the Italian sector and its competitors from the Old and New World.

Micromachined magnetic ultrasound transducer in post-processed CMOS

2003 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Viswanathan ◽  
Nicholas Jankowski ◽  
Whye-Kei Lye ◽  
Gregory Petit Dufrenoy ◽  
Michael J. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Current Mode ◽  
Ultrasound Waves ◽  
Mems Fabrication ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Cmos Mems ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Spiral Coils ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Dc Current

AbstractThis paper presents a novel MEMS Ultrasound Electro-Magnetic transducer. With advances in CMOS MEMS fabrication processes [2] we can explore and build miniature devices which could only be designed till a few years back. As our understanding in MEMS evolved, we explored the use of Electro-Magnetism as an effective way to produce ultrasound waves. Thus we can use a highly efficient and inexpensive fabrication technique to fabricate transducers with a fairly good capability to produce and detect ultrasound waves.The transducer consists of 2 concentric spiral coils, one carrying an AC current (which is tethered to the substrate at one end and free to vibrate at the other, also called the “Flapper”) and other coil carrying DC current (enveloping the inner coil, fixed and called “Stator”). The force arising from the interaction of the coupled magnetic fields induces a mechanical vibration of the flapper structure. The transducer serves as an actuator or a sensor (where we simply apply a pressure force on the flapper and note the frequency response of the flapper).The current mode helps to associate the transducer with front-end electronics, which is one of the most critical components of ultrasound imaging systemsAdvantages of this approach as compared to traditional PZT ceramics and capacitative micromachined devices are explored.Different dimensions of the transducer to accommodate the limitations in the processes are explored and a comparison of the parameters is presented.Potential uses and future challenges are discussed.

scholarly journals The FOCAC Process and Sino-African Strategic Partnership

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 259-276
Author(s):  
Garth Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
To Come ◽  
Trade And Investment

Historical records confirm that China’s increasing engagement with Africa through growing trade and investment has been a major boost for African economies. China’s comprehensive commitment to Africa through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) has also made significant contribution to Africa’s overall economic development. The constructivist approach underpinning this paper suggests that FOCAC’s evolution can be positively shaped by all active participants toward increased mutual benefit and positive outcomes. With all the consensuses and commitments reached at the Johannesburg FOCAC summit (FOCAC VI) held in December 2015, a stronger Sino-African partnership is expected to take shape as both sides take efforts to enhance their win-win cooperation. The key future challenges for China and Africa are to implement the FOCAC VI Action Plan and develop a long-term FOCAC agenda which will broaden and strengthen win-win outcomes in the years to come. At the same time, Africa should try its best to ensure the successful implementation of FOCAC projects and facilitate China’s engagement, for a business-friendly environment in Africa, whether in policy, legal or social aspects, is the key to promoting the Sino-African strategic partnership and enhancing sustainable development of the African continent.

Latin American Industrial Policies

2020 ◽  
pp. 810-841
Author(s):  
José Antonio Ocampo ◽  
Gabriel Porcile
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Account Management ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

This chapter analyses the evolution of industrial policy in the four largest Latin American economies—Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia—using Korea as a benchmark. Three phases in industrial policy and industrial transformation are identified: a period of state-led industrialization between the end of the Second World War and around 1980, which came to an end with the debt crisis of the 1980s; the 1990s, when the region abandoned industrial policy and embraced the structural reform agenda; and the commodity boom after 2004, when the region witnessed a timid return of industrial policy, while at the same time world demand favoured the reprimarization of its export structure. The outcomes of these policies in terms of building technological capabilities and diversifying the industrial sector towards knowledge-intensive activities, are analysed using different indicators. The importance of the interactions between structural change, industrial policy, and macroeconomic policies (especially exchange rate and capital account management) are highlighted.

Congestion Ahead: Japanese Automakers in Southeast Asia

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
North America ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Financial Reform ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Nonmarket Strategies ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
Half Decade

For three decades Japanese auto producers, supported by the Japanese government, deployed with extraordinary success market and nonmarket strategies to access the small and fragmented but rapidly growing car markets of Southeast Asia. The last half-decade has presented a series of unexpected challenges, including extended recession and financial reform in Japan; the lingering effects of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia; and the entry of new competitors from South Korea, North America, and Europe. These pressures have split the industry into two. Leaders Toyota and Honda have defended and extended traditional Japanese production networks. Weaker players such as Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Suzuki have accepted subordination to the leading western firms, which are rationalizing their Japanese partners and using them to enter Japan and other Asian markets. This article explores production, trade, and investment data, industrial policies toward autos in Japan and Southeast Asia, and brief case studies of Toyota and Nissan to illustrate the challenges to, and varying responses of, Japanese auto producers in developing Asia. These firms remain committed to Southeast Asia, but the days of Japanese dominance are drawing to a close.

scholarly journals Intellectual Property: How Much Room is Left for Industrial Policy?

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1650012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Correa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Ip Protection ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Industrialization Process

The early industrialization process in developed countries took place under flexible frameworks of intellectual property (IP) protection. Those countries, however, proposed and obtained in trade negotiations the adoption of an international IP regime that expanded and strengthened such protection. While the role of this regime, especially patents, in promoting innovation is controversial, it may effectively limit the ability of developing countries to implement industrial policies. These countries can preserve some room to implement such policies by using certain flexibilities, such as applying rigorous standards of patentability and granting compulsory licenses to broaden the space for local production.

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