Measuring inequality and Inequity in Health and Health Care

2011 ◽  
pp. 836-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Van Doorslaer ◽  
Tom Van Ourti
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
The One

This article examines the measurement of the success of the redistributive function describing strategies used for measuring the inequality of the outcomes of a health care system in terms of the use of care. The discussion of inequalities can be divided into health, health care, and health care payments. This article is concerned with the association between income, on the one hand, and health and health care, on the other. It further discusses the potential underlying causal pathways of this association. It explains in detail that a significant association or causal effect is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the presence of inequalities. Finally, it reviews the economics approaches of measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health and health care that are applied in the empirical literature. The measurement tools developed and used by health economists to analyze socioeconomic inequalities in health and health care are also discussed.

Diversity and Harmonisation. Trends and Challenges in European Health Law

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Hartlev
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Law ◽  
European Level ◽  
Patients Rights ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
European Health ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Values

AbstractEuropean countries share a number of fundamental values and ideas, but when it comes to the organisation of health care sectors and attitudes to basic patients’ rights, there are also vast differences. Consequently, at the European level health law has to balance between the aspiration for uniformity and universal respect for fundamental rights on the one hand, and acceptance of national diversity on the other. The aim of the article is to characterise European health law in terms of both divergence and harmonisation, and to explore the tension between these two features in light of current trends and challenges.

Leibniz on Apperception and Animal Souls

Dialogue ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Miles
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
The One

InLeibniz: Perception, Apperception, and Thought, Robert McRae alleges a flat “contradiction” (McRae 1976, p. 30) at the heart of Leibniz's doctrine of three grades of monads: bare entelechies characterized by perception; animal souls capable both of perception and of sensation; and rational souls, minds or spirits endowed not only with capacities for perception and sensation but also with consciousness of self or what Leibniz calls (introducing a new term of art into the vocabulary of philosophy) “apperception.” Apperception is a necessary condition of those distinctively human mental processes associated with understanding and with reason. Insofar as it is also a sufficient condition of rationality, it is not ascribable to animals. But apperception is a necessary condition of sensation or feeling as well; and animals are capable of sensation, according to Leibniz, who decisively rejected the Cartesian doctrine that beasts are nothing but material automata. “On the one hand,” writes McRae, “what distinguishes animals from lower forms of life is sensation or feeling, but on the other hand apperception is a necessary condition of sensation, and apperception distinguishes human beings from animals” (McRae 1976, p. 30). “We are thus left with an unresolved inconsistency in Leibniz's account of sensation, so far as sensation is attributable both to men and animals” (ibid., p. 34).

Pattern ethical communication in the therapeutic team

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Edyta Barnaś
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Ethical Standard ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One ◽  
Ethical Communication

The time of dynamic development of the narrow medical specialties along with the progressive spread of technology in medicine, on the one hand contribute to the improvement of health care, on the other hand are often the reason for the rise in patients feel isolation as a result of fragmentary treatment of their problems. The counterweight to this state of affairs is to create a multidisciplinary therapeutic teams whose primary objective is to restore the welfare of bio-psycho-social and spiritual patient. An elementary part of the operation of the team is the process of communication at various levels. The aim of the article is to present the principles of proper communication with the patient, the whole ends in a proposition ethical standard of communication in the therapeutic team. This proposed model is by no means a ready-to-use algorithm showing what one should do and how he/she should act for it could become a routine. The author intended to present a general construct/ standard of communication, which may be “applied” for a “living” reality of dialogue in every situation.

Comparative Study Between Preferential Consultations And Most Common Diagnoses

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S451-S451
Author(s):  
C. Manso Bazús ◽  
J. Valdes Valdazo ◽  
E. Garcia Fernandez ◽  
L.T. Velilla Diez ◽  
J. Min Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Care Burden ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The One

IntroductionTo the specialized attention arrives as preferred patients with minor diagnosis.ObjectiveWe do a relation between the type (normal/preferential) derivation of the first consultations and their corresponding diagnosis.MethodologyRetrospective observational study with data gathered during 3 months, which handle 2 variables: on the one hand, type of derivation and on the other, effected diagnosis.ResultsThe most frequent diagnosis found are adaptative disorders and affective disorders, corresponding to 45.45% and 9.1%, respectively of preferred leads.ConclusionsAlmost half of preferential queries (consultations) could be treated in first instance by primary care physicians releasing mental health care burden.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

An Analysis of the Role of Health Care in Reducing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: The Case of the Netherlands

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan P. MaCkenbach
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Care System

The aim of this article is to analyze the role of the health care system in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in health in countries with good access to health services, using the Dutch example. In the past, health care has contributed substantially to reducing a number of health problems in the population, particularly health problems leading to mortality. Data on trends in mortality from selected conditions by socioeconomic group show that both higher and lower socioeconomic groups have profited from these mortality reductions, probably because of largely equal access to essential health care services, and that absolute inequalities in mortality from these conditions have declined notably. The current situation is still one of largely equal financial access to health care services, with relatively small differences between socioeconomic groups in health care utilization, after adjustment for differences in prevalence of health problems. There is no evidence that inequalities in health care utilization contribute to a widening of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Financing of the health care system, however, is slightly regressive, and out-of-pocket payments contribute to the poor financial situation of the chronically ill. For the future, three possible contributions of the health care system to reducing socioeconomic inequalities in health are described: preservation of equal access to high-quality health care; development of specific care packages for lower socioeconomic groups; promotion and support of intersectoral activities.

scholarly journals Opinions on the Legal Significance of the Right to Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Teodora Aurelia Drăghici ◽  
Gabriel Cătălin Predescu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Right To Health Care ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Abstract The legal significance of the right to health care, in particular and of other fundamental rights in general, on the one hand unknown to citizens and on the other hand known, minimized or ignored by state authorities and institutions, will certainly lead to abuses of law coming from the latter, abuses that cannot be tolerated by the rule of law.

Local homogeneity

2004 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1243-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bektur Baizhanov ◽  
John T. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Finite Cover ◽  
Minimal Set ◽  
Local Homogeneity ◽  
Base Language ◽  
The One ◽  
Stable Structures

Abstract.We study the expansion of stable structures by adding predicates for arbitrary subsets. Generalizing work of Poizat-Bouscaren on the one hand and Baldwin-Benedikt-Casanovas-Ziegler on the other we provide a sufficient condition (Theorem 4.7) for such an expansion to be stable. This generalization weakens the original definitions in two ways: dealing with arbitrary subsets rather than just submodels and removing the ‘small’ or ‘belles paires’ hypothesis. We use this generalization to characterize in terms of pairs, the ‘triviality’ of the geometry on a strongly minimal set (Theorem 2.5). Call a set A benign if any type over A in the expanded language is determined by its restriction to the base language. We characterize the notion of benign as a kind of local homogenity (Theorem 1.7). Answering a question of [8] we characterize the property that M has the finite cover property over A (Theorem 3.9).

scholarly journals Klauzula dobrego samarytanina, czyli nowy kontratyp w związku z przeciwdziałaniem COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Marcin Burdzik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Good Samaritan ◽  
The One

‘The Good Samaritan Clause’ is a new justification, which exclude criminal liability for non-blatant and unintentional medical error. The solution adopted is, on the one hand, an important precedent in the approach to the issue of medical errors and represents turn towards the ‘no fault’ system. On the other hand, it may adversely affect the implementation of certain functions of criminal law. The aim of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the justification introduced, an attempt to assess its legitimacy and impact on the health care system and the fundamental assumptions of the state's criminal policy in the context of criminal law functions.

scholarly journals The Constructive Lift Monad

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Kock
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constructive Mathematics ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Bottom Element ◽  
The One ◽  
Gt Element ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Connected Spaces

The lift monad is the construction which to a poset freely adjoins a bottom<br />element to it, or equivalently (from the classical viewpoint), the construction which freely adjoins suprema for subsets with at most one element. In constructive mathematics (i.e. inside a topos), these two constructions are no longer equivalent, since the equivalence is based on the boolean reasoning that a set with at most one element either is a singleton {x}, or is empty.<br />Likewise based on boolean reasoning is the proof of two important properties of the lift monad T :<br />1) If a poset C has filtered suprema, then so does TC.<br />2) Every poset with a bottom element ? is "free", i.e. comes about by<br />applying T to some poset (namely the original poset less the bottom).<br />Both these properties fail to hold constructively, if the lift monad is interpreted<br />as "adding a bottom"; see Remark below. If, on the other hand,<br />we interpret the lift monad as the one which freely provides supremum for<br />each subset with at most one element (which is what we shall do), then the first property holds; and we give a necessary and sufficient condition that the second does. Finally, we shall investigate the lift monad in the context of (constructive) locale theory. I would like to thank Bart Jacobs for guiding me to the literature on Z-systems; to Gonzalo Reyes for calling my attention to Barr's work on totally connected spaces; to Steve Vickers for some pertinent correspondence.<br />I would like to thank the Netherlands Science Organization (NWO) for supporting my visit to Utrecht, where a part of the present research was carried out, and for various travel support from BRICS.

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