The Libyans

2020 ◽  
pp. 492-513
Author(s):  
Linda Hulin
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Egyptian Soil ◽  
The Times ◽  
Material Evidence

Our picture of the Libyans in the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Periods is heavily dependent upon Egyptian textual and visual evidence. This chapter reviews the much sparser archaeological evidence for Libyan culture, combining material from the fringes of Egypt with data from information from Libya proper. The models that scholars have used to assess this material are discussed particularly in the light of the sparse material evidence on Egyptian soil during the times of Libyan rule. Recent work on the archaeology of nomads is also refining these models and shining light upon their social complexity and adaptability across the nomadic-settled continuum.

scholarly journals Microarchaeology, Materiality and Social Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Per Cornell ◽  
Fredrik Fahlander
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Social Totality ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Social Entities ◽  
Material Evidence

In this paper we propose an operative social theory that eliminates the need for a pre-defined regional context or spatio-temporal social entities like social system, culture, society or ethnic group. The archaeological object in a microarchaeological approach is not a closed and homogeneous social totality, but rather the structurating practices, the regulative actions operating in a field ofhumans and things. In order to address these issues more systematically, we discuss social action, materialities and the constitution of archaeological evidence. Sartre's concept of serial action implies that materialities and social agency are integrated elements in the structuration process. We suggest that such patterns of action can be partially retrieved from the fragmented material evidence studied by the archaeologist.

scholarly journals Past as the Other – The Other as Past

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Staša Babić
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
The Times ◽  
Modern Identity ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Written Sources

Modern academic disciplines of anthropology, history and archaeology are founded in the cultural, social, political context of the 18th and 19th centuries, at the times of the colonial expansion of the West European countries. Although demarcated by the objects of their study ("primitive societies", the past according to written sources, or material evidence), all these disciplines are grounded in the need to distinguish and strengthen the modern identity of the Europeans as opposed to the Others in space and time.

Material Evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah P. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Greek Art ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Material Record

Unlike in the study of Roman slavery (Joshel and Peterson 2014), the analysis of archaeological evidence for Greek slavery is far more challenging (I. Morris 2011), if we hope to be able to identify slaves, their labour, and their living spaces, in the ancient material record. Rather than trying to identify figures in Greek art as unfree in status, locating their place of work and living quarters in excavated structures, or distinguishing slave burials in ancient Greek necropoleis, this essay proposes that we should look rather for the wider effects of their labour on changes in health, wealth, settlement and landscapes.

Aboriginal rights and title for archaeologists: A history of archaeological evidence in Canadian litigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-241
Author(s):  
Erin A Hogg ◽  
John R Welch
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Aboriginal Rights ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aboriginal Title ◽  
Temporal Dimensions ◽  
Material Evidence

Archaeological evidence has been used to assess pre-contact occupation and use of land since the first modern Aboriginal title claim in Canada. Archaeology’s ability to alternately challenge, support, and add substantive spatial and temporal dimensions to oral histories and documentary histories makes it a crucial tool in the resolution of Aboriginal rights and title. This article assesses how archaeological evidence has been considered in Aboriginal rights and title litigation in Canada, both over time and in different types of cases. The examination indicates that archaeological data have been judged to be sufficient evidence of pre-contact occupation and use. However, some limitations inherent in archaeological data, especially challenges in archaeology’s capacities to demonstrate continuous occupation and exclude possibilities for co-occupation, mean that it is best used in conjunction with ethnographies, oral histories, and historical documents. So long as courts affirm that it is the sole material evidence of pre-contact occupation, archaeological data will continue to be considered in future litigation.

carpentry, Roman

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Adam
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Roman Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Hydraulic Machines ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Complex Construction

The skilled work of the Roman carpenter (lignarius or tignarius faber) was essential to the construction of domestic and public buildings, creation of machines and structures for military purposes, and overcoming natural features. Composed in the 1st century bce, Vitruvius’s ten-book illustrated commentary on Roman architecture and architectural techniques, De architectura, comprises the primary textual evidence for the architectural techniques employed by Roman carpenters and engineers. In his various books, Vitruvius discusses the characteristics of different types of wood (supplemented by descriptions in Pliny’s Natural History); machines used on work sites, such as hoists and hydraulic machines; and covering frameworks for houses and the larger spans of basilicas and other massive public structures. For the latter, Roman carpenters devised the triangulated truss, a complex construction corroborated by surviving visual evidence. Archaeological evidence fills many gaps in Vitruvius’s coverage of practical carpentry methods and provides the only extant evidence for woodcutting and finishing implements, such as felling axes and handsaws. Houses at Pompeii and Herculaneum preserve traces of key carpentry techniques: timber framing, stairways, and load-bearing ceiling frameworks. The carpenter’s expertise also extended to shipbuilding and construction of strategic wooden bridges, most notably those erected during military campaigns under Caesar and later Trajan.

Homer and the Monuments: a review

Antiquity ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 25 (98) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
John Myres
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Actual Shape ◽  
Material Evidence

This really monumental book reviews the material evidence accumulated—in more than two generations—for the periods within which the Homeric Poems came into being, and applies this evidence to discover the circumstances in which they achieved their actual shape. Outlines of this enquiry were proclaimed by Schliemann's excavations at Hissarlik (his site for Troy), Mycenae, and Tiryns; a remoter background by Sir Arthur Evans' work at Knossos; but detail has come from many hands, and in many fields of research—literary and even linguistic study reacting to archaeological, and propounding fresh problems to excavators. Two world wars have interrupted field-work and retarded publication. Miss Lorimer's own preface bears two dates (1946 and 1949), and she has to admit difficulties in obtaining important books, while some recent work is not noticed. In more than sixty years the leading figures in Homeric studies have changed; but one feels the abiding influence of Helbig and Dörpfeld in archaeology, and of Monro and Leaf in scholarship.

Christian Landscapes in the Iberian Peninsula

2019 ◽  
pp. 622-644
Author(s):  
Alexandra Chavarría Arnau
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
The Political ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Material Evidence

This chapter traces the material evidence for the spread of Christianity in the Iberian peninsula (including Spain and Portugal) between the third and seventh centuries, focusing on a critical review of traditional interpretations and identifications frequently based on inconsistent chronological references, fragile and poorly surviving materials, and often contradictory textual and archaeological evidence. The result is a new perspective on the subject that is much more comparable to that seen in other areas of the Mediterranean. The chapter will analyze the development of Christianization in cities and the countryside, taking into account when churches were built, who built them, and the political, economic, and social context in which Christian topography was created.

scholarly journals Hope Island: salvage excavation of a Kombumerri site

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 80-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Walters ◽  
Peter Lauer ◽  
Anna Nolan ◽  
Graham Dillon ◽  
Michael Aird
Keyword(s):  
Gold Coast ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Folk Theory ◽  
Shell Midden ◽  
Aboriginal Community ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Southeast Queensland ◽  
Coast Region ◽  
The Way

This paper reports the salvage excavations of a shell midden at Hope Island, Gold Coast City, southeast Queensland. Archaeological investigations were carried out in the Gold Coast region during the late 1960s and early 1970s (e.g. Haglund-Calley and Quinnell 1973; Haglund 1975, 1976), but as academic input into the area waned it became something of a folk theory in the mainstream Anglo-Saxon community that nothing worthwhile in the way of archaeological evidence remained in the area. The Kombumerri people, traditional owners who have never ceded title to their land, knew differently. This paper follows an extensive site recording program undertaken by the Kombumerri Cultural Centre and the Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland, which has clearly demonstrated the correctness of their view: material evidence of significance to the local Aboriginal community abounds within the Gold Coast City limits and its environs.

Archaeological Evidence for the Study of Early Monasticism

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-120
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Material Evidence

This chapter, organized in three sections, reviews and critiques the history of archaeological practice and interpretation pertaining to early Christian monastic sites. The first section introduces readers to the development of cultural-historical, processual, and post-processual approaches in modern archaeology. The second and third sections address methodological problems related to the identification and dating of monastic remains. Selected case studies from the first millennium ce are cited to illustrate how modern historians and archaeologists have often over-interpreted the evidence available to them. This chapter aims to sponsor scholarly awareness about the limits of our current state of knowledge and to establish a set of more reliable and consistent criteria for evaluating what constitutes material evidence for the study of early Christian monasticism.

Phonological features and their phonetic correlates

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ladefoged
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Prague School ◽  
The Times

There is nothing very new about the idea that speech sounds can be classified in terms of a limited number of features. Phonetic taxonomies have existed from the times of the earliest grammarians; and traditional consonant charts can be viewed as attempts to classify sounds in terms of features of place and manner of production. But with the development of the Prague school of phonology (Trubetzkoy, 1939) and the subsequent work of Jakobson and his collaborators (Jakobson, 1962; Jakobson, Fant and Halle, 1951; Jakobson and Halle, 1956) the discussion of the distinctive features of speech came to have more importance. As a result of the more recent work of Chomsky and Halle (1968), the role of distinctive features within phonological theory has become even more crucial. This paper will review the nature of phonological features in general, and will suggest a particular set of features which it might be appropriate to use in phonological descriptions of languages.

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