The Early Dynastic Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 595-618
Author(s):  
Ludwig D. Morenz
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Homogeneous Material ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Egyptian Culture ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Come ◽  
City States

The Early Dynastic Period is seen as a formative phase influencing the character and shape of Egyptian culture for millennia to come. The sacro-political concept of ‘unification of the two lands’ had the effect of mythologizing transition from a system of city states with an already widely homogeneous material culture into a kind of territorial state under one divine king (Narmer) at the end of the fourth millennium bc. This set the stage for the developments in iconography, archaeology of media and sociology of knowledge that are discussed in this chapter. A formalization of iconographic tradition building on ‘iconems’ (specifically shaped pictorial motives) was connected to the sphere of rulership from the earliest periods. Additionally, the developing need for an invention of new iconographic conventions to construct and visualize a unified Egyptian identity (as well as the concept of the divine dual king) culminated in the creation of monumental art and ceremonial objects as ‘semiophors’ (‘carriers of meaning’). Like iconography, the new medium of pictorial-phonetic writing served power and articulated governmental knowledge of the elite. As a state-wide standardized system of notation and expression, phonetic writing also provided an indispensable prerequisite to organize and administer a unified territory of this size.

The Early Dynastic Near East

2020 ◽  
pp. 531-611
Author(s):  
Vitali Bartash
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Near East ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
The Creation ◽  
City States ◽  
The Way

The Middle East in the Early Dynastic period (ca. 2900–2300 BC) was characterized by the competition of local city states for hegemony. Combined with long-range military and diplomatic relationships, this led to the creation of the first, if short-lived, larger polities in Mesopotamia and Syria, which paved the way for the emergence of the Akkad state. Cuneiform archives of temples and palaces document a gradual concentration of land, power, and wealth in the hands of an elite that included the royal family and the members of the palace and temple administration, resulting in increasing social stratification and deepening inequality in the context of surplus economy, unprecedented urbanization, and endemic war.

Phoenicia Under the Achaemenid Empire

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Vadim Jigoulov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
City States

This chapter covers several aspects of Achaemenid Phoenicia, including literary sources, epigraphy, numismatics, and material culture. Achaemenid Phoenicia was characterized by a continuity of material culture from the Neo-Babylonian period. The extant sources—literary, epigraphic, and numismatic—evince a conglomerate of independent city-states characterized by expressions of compliance with the central Achaemenid authorities while pursuing their own economic and political goals, with Sidon as the most preeminent metropolis. The end of the period in the fourth century bce saw the gradual disintegration of the Phoenician loyalties to the Achaemenids and a pivot toward the Aegean in political and economic aspects.

scholarly journals Internationalization of SMEs and Effectuation: The Way Back and Forward

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (24) ◽  
pp. 1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza El Guili ◽  
Driss Ferhane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Business Growth ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behavior ◽  
Entrepreneurship Research ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Come

Business growth is considered as one of the main topics of entrepreneurship research. Due to the increased interest on entrepreneurship, new theoretical perspectives have emerged to explain entrepreneurial behavior. One of these emergent theories is effectuation. It is widely known that entrepreneurs and owner-managers count on different decision-making logics during the internationalization of their ventures, including causal and effectual reasoning. Despite that the use of effectual reasoning has been generally linked to the early stages of the creation of a venture; it has recently been introduced to on the internationalization of SMEs research. Introduced by Sarasvathy (2001), effectuation logic is stated to grow in an unstable operating context where it is complicated to predict and in contrast, it is likely to unexpectedly respond to changes in the environment. Furthermore, it represents a typical shift in approaching entrepreneurship. In this theoretical paper, we first aim to highlight the evolution of the concept and the development of the effectuation theory within the literature. Furthermore, we explain the similarities and differences existing between causation and effectuation reasoning. Finally, we use the lens of effectuation to come up with an understanding of the internationalization of SMEs.

scholarly journals Marriage in the theology of Martin Luther – worldly yet sacred: An option between secularism and clericalism

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Buitendag
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Church ◽  
Law And Gospel

Marriage, according to Martin Luther, is an institution both secular and sacred. It is secular because it is an order of this earthly life. But its institution goes back to the beginning of the human race and that makes marriage sacred, a divine and holy order. It does not – like the sacraments – nourish and strengthen faith or prepare people for the life to come; but it is a secular order in which people can prove faith and love, even though they are apt to fail without the help of the Word and the sacrament. The author applies this view of Luther in terms of two unacceptable extremes: the creation ordinances of Brunner and the analogy of relation of Barth. The dialectic of Law and Gospel should never be dispensed. Marriage is necessary as a remedy for lust, and through marriage God permits sexual intercourse. Similar is the allegory which Paul employs: that Adam and Eve, or marriage itself, is a type of Christ and the church.

Art and an Archaeology of Embodiment: Some Aspects of Archaic Greece

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Contemporary Poetry ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Culture Production ◽  
City States ◽  
And Control ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Ceramic Decoration

This article seeks to gain an understanding of distinctive changes in certain artefacts produced in Corinth in the late eighth and seventh centuries BC. The focus is the development of figurative imagery on miniature ceramic vessels (many of them perfume jars) which travelled from Corinth particularly to sanctuaries and cemeteries in the wider Greek world. Connections, conceptual and material, are traced through the manufacture and iconography of some 2000 pots, through changing lifestyles, with juxtapositions of contemporary poetry from other parts of the Greek world. Aspects of embodiment are foregrounded in a discussion of stylization and drawing, the character of monstrosity (appearing in ceramic decoration), experiences of risk in battle, discipline and control. Techniques of the self (leading through the floral to wider lifestyles) also feature in this context, together with perfume, and the consumption or deposition of the pots in circumstances of contact with death and divinity. The argument is made that the articulation of an ideological field lay at the core of the changes of the early city states such as Corinth. The article is offered as a contribution to a contextual and interpretive archaeology. It attempts to develop concepts for dealing with power relations in an understanding of material culture production which foregrounds human agency and embodied experience.

scholarly journals Déchiffrer sa vie et l’écrire

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Colette Nys-Mazure
Keyword(s):  
Writing Workshop ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
The Creation ◽  
To Come ◽  
Premiere Partie

La littérature est un texte, un tissu de relations de soi à soi, de soi aux autres, d’innombrables autres passés et à venir, par le biais du langage. Cet outil premier semble appartenir à tous, mais en réalité il n’est pas à la portée de chacun. Il serait donc intéressant de relater l’expérience angevine que je viens de vivre avec Lire~Ecrire~Compter (LEC), une association pour la promotion des savoirs, l’insertion sociale et professionnelle, créée en 1986, qui lutte contre l’illettrisme. L’une de ses approches originales, la “lecture-plaisir”, consiste à proposer à des volontaires de participer à la création d’un livre. Depuis 2004, l’association permet à ses “apprenants” de rencontrer un écrivain reconnu afin de participer à des ateliers d’écriture. Le fruit de leur travail commun est retranscrit dans la première partie de l’ouvrage publié ; la seconde nait de la libre créativité de l’auteur. Deciphering one’s life and writing it Literature is a text, a fabric of relations between oneself and oneself, between oneself and others – countless past and to come –, by the means of language. This tool is supposed to belong to all, but is in fact not accessible to everybody. In this respect, an experience I just went through in Angers (France) is highly interesting. Lire-Écrire-Compter (Read-Write-Count), an association for the promotion of knowledge, social and professional inclusion, and against illiteracy since 1986, proposes to its students to take part in the creation of a book. Since 2004, this program called “Reading-pleasure” offers students the opportunity of a “writing workshop” with a renowned writer. The first part of the published book presents this collective work; the second part originates from the author’s own creativity.

The Tasks of the Translators: Relics and Communications between Constantinople and Northern France in the Aftermath of 1204

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Fourth Crusade ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Latin West ◽  
The Creation

The concept of linguistic “translation” helps to understand the process by which the material culture of the Byzantine empire, taken from Byzantine churches and palaces following the conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, was interpreted in new environments in the Latin West. This was a process that required input from those invested in shaping the meaning of the relics and the creation of unique works of art in the form of new reliquaries.

Model Worlds

2019 ◽  
pp. 250-330
Author(s):  
Caitlín Eilís Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interactive Model ◽  
Domestic Material Culture ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Domestic Cult

Expanding current constructions of Nilotica, chapter 6 examines the creation of three-dimensional “Egyptian” landscapes through garden statuary and water features at the Casa di Acceptus e Euhodia. Sidestepping unproductive debates about whether garden statuary signified “religion” or “Egyptomania,” this case study shows how “Egyptianizing” statuary collaborated with the garden’s other contents to create an interactive model landscape. Some evidence from this house suggests that its inhabitants may have directed a domestic cult toward a form of Isis. However, this chapter argues that such practices should not overdetermine our understanding of the garden assemblage. Rather than a binary divide between “Isiacs” and “non-Isiacs,” evidence suggests a broad spectrum of available religious choices. Furthermore, domestic material culture does not correspond to religious identity in a simple or straightforward way. Regardless of their relationship (or lack thereof) to Egyptian-derived cults, most Pompeians appear to have employed domestic Aegyptiaca and Nilotica in fairly similar ways.

Gath of the Philistines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pioske
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
The Creation ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City

Chapter 2 begins a series of case studies that are devoted to exploring what knowledge was drawn on by the biblical scribes to develop stories about the early Iron Age period. This chapter’s investigation is devoted to the Philistine city of Gath, one of the largest cities of its time and a site that was destroyed ca. 830 BCE. Significant about Gath, consequently, is that it flourished as an inhabited location before the emergence of a mature Hebrew prose writing tradition, meaning that the information recounted about the city was predicated primarily on older cultural memories of the location. Comparing the biblical references to the site with Gath’s archaeological remains reveals moments of resonance between these stories and the material culture unearthed from the location. Accordingly, what comes to light through this chapter’s analysis is one mode of remembering that informed the creation of these biblical stories: that of resilience.

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