Kant on Virtue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Cureton ◽  
Thomas E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Virtuous Life ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Way

Immanuel Kant defines virtue as a kind of strength and resoluteness of will to resist and overcome any obstacles that oppose fulfilling our moral duties. Human agents, according to Kant, owe it to themselves to strive for perfect virtue by fully committing to morality and by developing the fortitude to maintain and execute this life-governing policy, despite obstacles. This chapter reviews basic features of Kant’s conception of virtue and then discusses the role of emotions, a motive of duty, exemplars, rules, and community in a virtuous life. Kant thinks that striving to be more virtuous requires not only respect for moral principles and control of our contrary emotions, but also a system of legally enforced rules and communities of good persons. Exemplars and cultivated good feelings and emotions can be useful aids along the way, but Kant warns against attempting to derive one’s moral standards from examples or feelings.

scholarly journals Who’s Afraid of the Audience? Digital and Post-Digital Perspectives on Aesthetics

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotte Philipsen
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
The Way

This article analyses how works of art that make use of or refer to digital technology can be approached, analysed, and understood aesthetically from two different perspectives. One perspective, which I shall term a ‘digital’ perspective, mainly focuses on poetics (or production) and technology when approach- ing the works, whereas the other, which I shall term a ‘post-digital’ perspective, focuses on aesthetic experience (or reception) when approaching the works. What I tentatively and for the purpose of practical analysis term the ‘digital’ and the ‘post-digital’ perspectives do not designate two different sets of concrete works of art or artistic practice and neither do they describe different periods.[1] Instead, the two perspectives co-exit as different discursive positions that are concretely ex- pressed in the way we talk about aesthetics in relation to art that makes use of and/or refers to digital technology. In short: When I choose here to talk about a digital and a post-digital perspective, I talk about two fundamentally different ways of ascribing aes- thetic meaning to (the same) concrete works of art. By drawing on the ideas of especially Immanuel Kant and Dominic McIver Lopes, it is the overall purposes of this article to ana- lyse and compare how the two perspectives understand the concept of aesthetics and to discuss some of the implications following from these understandings. As it turns out, one of the most significant implications is the role of the audience. 

The Normalisation of Natural Philosophy: Occasional Causality and Coarse-Grained Reality

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-236
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Mutual Adaptation ◽  
Modern Natural ◽  
Conceptual Changes ◽  
Preliminary Application ◽  
The Way

This article investigates whether it possible to derive a new narrative about the transformation of early modern natural philosophy from the way in which natural philosophy was systematized in academic writings. It introduces the notion of ‘normalisation’—the mutual adaptation of certain ideas and existing traditions—as a way of studying and explaining conceptual changes during relatively long periods of time. The article provides the methodological underpinnings of this account of normalisation and offers a preliminary application of it by focusing on the role of ‘occasional causality’ in natural philosophy through the writings of four authors: Pierre Sylvain Régis (1632-1707), Johann Christoph Sturm (1635-1703), Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761), and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who progressively normalise an account of ‘occasional causality’.

Stress, emotions and health: where do we stand?

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Stress Influences ◽  
Somatic Diseases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
The Way

Our representation of the way stress influences the development and progression of disease has been shaped by physiological stress theories. According to these theories, the organism's reaction to any stimulus that threatens its homeostasis is stereotyped and involves both the sympathetic medullary adrenal axis and the pituitary-adrenal axis. These systems can overtax the organism's resistance, especially when they are chronically activated. However, physiological stress responses are not stereotyped. They depend qualitatively and quantitatively on the psychological dimensions of the situation, including the subject's ability to predict and control the occurrence of stressors. Studies of the effects of stress and emotions and immunity have confirmed the importance of predictability and controllability. In addition, they have made clear that if stress and emotions can influence emotions, reciprocally immune factors have profound influences on mood and behaviour. These reciprocal relationships between the brain and the immune system are mediated by an intricate network of neural and molecular connections. Because of this reciprocity, it is difficult if not impossible to isolate one term of the relationship and claim it is causally related to the other one. This explains why the field has moved away from the consideration of the role of psychosocial factors and emotions in the pathogeny of somatic diseases to more pragmatic questions such as the way patients cope with their disease and the medical system.

scholarly journals Permissive Parenting Effect toward Emotional Development of Early Childhood

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nur Hazizah
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Pattern Of Care ◽  
Permissive Parenting ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Permissive parenting patterns that can affect emotional development in children is a pattern of care that gives freedom to children without the rules applied and without the responsibilities required by parents to children. The permissive nurturing pattern can have a negative impact on the child's emotional development such as the child often expresses with anger and his emotions can turn into a child who is dissident and difficult to invoke. Children with parenting patterns will tend to be difficult to get along with, do not recognize or cannot control their own emotions, cannot accept defeat, lack of responsibility from within the child. The role of active parents is very much needed and control and the way of care together are expected to reduce the impact of permissive care.

scholarly journals Philosophy of History of Adam Ferguson and Immanuel Kant

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra ZÁKUTNÁ
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Features

The paper compares central issues of philosophy of history of A. Ferguson and I. Kant. It deals with their explanation of origins and development of civil society, and characterizes its basic features, focusing on progress motivated by fruitful conflict and tension among individuals and nations. It also focuses on the role of citizens in civil society and the question of their activity. Then, in connection with Ferguson’s and Kant’s views on relationships among states the paper discusses their different portrayal of possible future history.

The dynamics of ‘Moralized Markets’: a field perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Balsiger
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Core ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
Market Practices ◽  
Field Perspective

Abstract This article describes the distinctive features and structural properties of ‘moralized markets’, that is, markets in which producers set higher moral standards than those governing conventional market practices, and consumers buy products that respect those higher moral standards. Starting from a critical discussion of existing theoretical conceptualizations in terms of conventionalization/co-optation, quality conventions and resource partitioning, this article conceptualizes moralized markets as fields where actors are in strategic interaction. Using illustrations from several empirical studies, it suggests that all moralized markets are composed of a plurality of actors whose understanding of and commitments to moral principles vary. It reveals the main dimensions of the field, characterizes typical positions, and identifies and describes the core strategies used in struggles around field boundaries and the issues of policing and regulation of field settlements. The article concludes by offering six propositions regarding different possible outcome scenarios for the dynamics of moralized market fields, highlighting the role of the state for the stabilization of field settlements.

Morphogenesis of a New Human Herpes-Type Virus Isolate (Sasha Virus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
W. Munyon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
And Control

In continuing studies on the role of viruses in biochemical transformation, Dr. Munyon has succeeded in isolating a highly infectious human herpes virus. Fluids of buccal pustular lesions from Sasha Munyon (10 mo. old) uiere introduced into monolayer sheets of human embryonic lung (HEL) cell cultures propagated in Eagles’ medium containing 5% calf serum. After 18 hours the cells exhibited a dramatic C.P.E. (intranuclear vacuoles, peripheral patching of chromatin, intracytoplasmic inclusions). Control HEL cells failed to reflect similar changes. Infected and control HEL cells were scraped from plastic flasks at 18 hrs. of incubation and centrifuged at 1200 × g for 15 min. Resultant cell packs uiere fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium, and post-fixed in aqueous uranyl acetate. Figure 1 illustrates typical hexagonal herpes-type nucleocapsids within the intranuclear virogenic regions. The nucleocapsids are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Nuclear membrane “translocation” (budding) uias observed.

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: COMMON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-516
Author(s):  
Neil O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
The Way

Of the hundreds of Greek common nouns and adjectives preserved in our MSS of Cicero, about three dozen are found written in the Latin alphabet as well as in the Greek. So we find, alongside συμπάθεια, also sympathia, and ἱστορικός as well as historicus. This sort of variation has been termed alphabet-switching; it has received little attention in connection with Cicero, even though it is relevant to subjects of current interest such as his bilingualism and the role of code-switching and loanwords in his works. Rather than addressing these issues directly, this discussion sets out information about the way in which the words are written in our surviving MSS of Cicero and takes further some recent work on the presentation of Greek words in Latin texts. It argues that, for the most part, coherent patterns and explanations can be found in the alphabetic choices exhibited by them, or at least by the earliest of them when there is conflict in the paradosis, and that this coherence is evidence for a generally reliable transmission of Cicero's original choices. While a lack of coherence might indicate unreliable transmission, or even an indifference on Cicero's part, a consistent pattern can only really be explained as an accurate record of coherent alphabet choice made by Cicero when writing Greek words.

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